Everything you would want to know about the Central Nervous System
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| Gryus | ridge of cerebrum
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| Sulcus | shallow groove of cerebrum
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| Fissure | deep groove of cerebrum
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| Ridges and Grooves (gyri and sulci) | used a brain landmarks
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| Cerebral Hemisphere mass | 85% of brain
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| Cerebral Hemisphere function | responsible for sensation, emotion, intellect, voluntary movement
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| Longitudinal fissure | seperates the two cerebral hemispheres
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| Transverse fissure | seperates cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum
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| Central sulcus (of cerebral hemispheres) | seperates frontal from parietal lobes
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| Lateral sulcus (of cerebral hemispheres) | seperates temporal from parietal and frontal lobes
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| Parietooccipital sulcus (of cerebral hemispheres) | separates occipital from parietal
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| Insula | fith lobe: burried deep w/in lateral sulcus
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| Average brain size (male) | 1600g
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| Average brain size (female) | 1450g
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| Brain function | provides for voluntary movement, interpretation and integration of senses, consciousness and cognitive function
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| Primary brain vessels of development | prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
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| What structure/part brain develops from | rostral portion of embryonic neural tube
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| Regions of adult brain | cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
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| Only found in cerebellum and cerebral hemispheres | gray matter cortex on outside, white matter, then gray matter nuclei within the white matter
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| Regions of brain without a cortex | diencephalon and brain stem
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| Ventricles | spaces in brain filled with CSF
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| Lateral ventricle structure/location | C-shaped, deep in cerebral hemispheres
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| Septum pellucidum | seperates (anteriorly) the lateral ventricles
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| Third ventricle location | within thalamus
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| Interventricular foramina | connects third ventricle to the lateral ventricles
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| Fourth ventricle location | between the cerebellum and pons
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| Cephalization | elaboration of rostral portion of CNS, increase in number of neurons in head
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| Cerebral aqueduct | connects third and fourth ventricles
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| Rostral | toward the snout
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| Two lateral apertures & one medial aperture | connects the fourth ventricle to subarachnoid space
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| Cerebral cortex (structure) | gray matter, convolutions give it 3x its surphase area
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| Cerebral cortex (function) | where the conscious mind is located, eache hemisphere deals with sensory and motor functions of opposite side of body
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| Brodmann areas | functional areas of cerebral cortex (very oversimplified)
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| Three types of Brodmann areas | motor (voluntary movement), sensory (awareness of sensation), association (integration of info)
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| Cerebral tracts | myelinated fibers coursing through white matter (nerves in PNS)
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| Commissures | cerebral white matter, they connect corresponding basal nuclei of opposite hemispheres, HORIZONTAL
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| Corus callosum | largest of the commissures
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| Association fibers | cerebral white matter, they connect different areas of the same hemisphere
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| Projection fibers | cerebral white matter, they connect lower areas with highter areas of CNS, VERTICAL
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| Pyramidal tracts | part of cerebral white matter and a type of projection fiber, they're large voluntary motor tracts from precentral gyrus to spinal cord
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| Internal capsule | part of the cerebral white matter and type of projection fiber, they are a band of tracts in each hemisphere, between the thalamus and some basal nuclei
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| Corona radiata | radiation of fibers just above the brainstem
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| Basal nuclei | cerebral gray matter, "islands" within the white matter, they are lateral to ventricles
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| Corpora striatum (structure) | type of basal nuclei, have a striped appearance due to corona radiata
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| Corpora striatum (function) | control starting, stopping and regulation of intensity of skeletal muscle movements
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| Components of basal nuclei | lentiform nucleus (consists of putamen and globus pallidus), caudate nucleus, and amygdala
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| Diencephalon | surrounded by cerebral hemispheres, consists of three paired gray matter structures: thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
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| Thalamus (structure) | it makes up 80% of the diencephalon, consists of about 12 nuclei types
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| Intermediate mass | Connects the third ventricle to the two thalami that it lies between
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| Thalamus (function) | All sensory inputs pass through it before ascending to the cortex, crude recognition (pleasant or not)
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| Hypothalamus (function) | main visceral control center for homeostasis: autonomic control, emotional, temp and hunger regulation, water balance & thirst regulation, sleep/wake cycle, endocrine
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| Infundibulum | stalk of pituitary, extends from hypothalamus
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| Mamillary bodies | part of hypothalamus, deal with olfaction relay, visible anteriorly
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| Hypothalamus (structure/location) | below the thalamus, contains several nuclei
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| Epithalamus (location) | above the thalamus, forms the roof of third ventricle
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| Pineal gland | extends posteriorly from epithalamus, secretes melatonin
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| Choroid plexus | part of the epithalamus, forms CSF, its in the roof of third ventricle
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| Brain stem (components) | midbrain, pons, medulla
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| Brain stem (composition) | fiber tracts and nuclei, contains roots of 10 out of 12 cranial nerves
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| Pons (structures located w/in) | middle cerebellar peduncles (superficial horizontal tracts extending to cerebellum), pneumotaxic center, pontine nuclei
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| Pons (composition/location) | Made of deep vertical projection fibers, forms most of the anterior wall of fourth ventricle
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| Autonomic reflex center | part of medulla, cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory, vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, sneezing
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| Olives | part of medulla, swellings lateral to pyramids, they send info on extent of strech of skeletal muscles to cerebellum
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| Decussation pyramids | part of medulla, visible anteriorly, they are the crossover point for pyramidal tracts
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| Pyramids | part of medulla, visible anteriorly, contain pyramidal motor tracts
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| Folia | small transverse gyri of the cerebellum
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| Cerebelum (structure) | Two hemispheres seperated by vermis, each has three lobes: anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular (deep to vermis)
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| Vermis | seperates the two cerebellum hemispheres
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| Purkinje cells | cortex of gray matter of cerebellum
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| arbor vitae | internal white matter of cerebellum
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| Dentate nuclei | deep gray matter within white matter of the cerebellum
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| Cerebellar peduncles | tracts carrying impulses to and from cerebellum. There are superior, middle, and inferior of these
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| Cerebellum (function) | subconscious coordination of skeletal muscle movement on same side of body
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| Limbic system | emotional brain, cerebral structures (hippocampus, part of amygdala, cingulated gyrus), diencephalons structures (hypothalamus, anterior nucleus of thalamus), fornix
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| Fornix | tract connecting some of the paired structures of the limbic system
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| Meninges | three connective tissue coverings of the CNS: dura matter, arachnoid matter, and pia matter
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| Meningitis | inflammation of the meninges membranes
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| Pia matter (of meninges) | tightly clings to brain surface following gyri and sulci, surrounds small blood vessels as they descend into brain
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| Cerebrospinal fluid (composition) | similar to blood plasma but has fewer protiens, different ionic composition
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| Cerebrospinal fluid (formation) | formed by choroid plexus (capillary beds in roof of ventricles)
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| Cerebrospinal fluid (flow) | choroid plexus--lateral ventricles-- interventricular formaina-- third ventricle-- cerebral aqueduct-- fourth ventricle-- some to central canal (spinal cord)-- most through median, lateral apertures-- subarachnoid space-- arachnoid villi-- dural sinuses--
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| Things that can cross blood brain barrier | glucose, essential aa, some ions, fats, fatty acids, oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, nicotine, anesthetics
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| Blood brain barrier | capillaries serving brain have unique structure (insures constant chem environment for brain tissue), endothelial cell connected by tight junctions, thick basal lamina, astrocytes cause endothelial cells to form and maintain tight junctions
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| Degenerative brain disorders | alzheimer's, parkinson's, huntington's
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| Traumatic brain injury | concussion, contusion, subdural or subarachnoid hemmorage, cerebral edema
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| Cerebral vascular accident | a stroke, homeostatic imbalance of brain
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| Dural sinuses | areas of seperation between layers of meninges, where venous blood collects and drains into jugular veins
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