Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology-Chapter 3 & 4
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| Nucleus | The control center of a cell because of the genes and chromasomes it contains. Also contains the nucleolus. Not found in red blood cells.
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| Cell Membrane | Outermost boundary of a cell, made of phospholipids, protein, and cholesterol. Is selectively permeable and allows certain substances to enter or leave.
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| Cytoplasm | A watery solution of minerals, organic molecules, and gases that is found between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
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| Cell | The smallest living subunit of a multicellular organism.
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| Plasma Membrane | Another name for cell membrane.
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| Phospholipids | Permit lipid-soluble materials to easily enter or leave the cell by diffusion through the cell membrane.
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| Cholesterol | Decreases the fluidity of the membrane, making it more stable.
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| Proteins | Some form pores to permit passage of materials; some are carrier enzymes that help susbstances enter cellls; some are antigens; some are receptor sites for hormones.
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| Antigens | Markers that identify the cells of an individual as "self".
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| Selectively Permeable | Certain substances are permitted to pass through and others are not.
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| Chromatin | Long threads of the Chromasomes usually not visible.
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| Gene | The genetic code for one protein.
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| DNA | Genetic code for the characteristics and activities of the cell.
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| Organelles | Intracellular structures, often bounded by their own membranes that have specific roles in cellular functioning.
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Organelle that functions as a passageway for transport of materials within the cell and synthesis of lipids.
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| Ribosomes | Organelles that are a site for the synthesis of protein.
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| Golgi Apparatus | Organelle for synthesis of carbohydrates and the packaging of materials for secretion from cell.
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| Mitochondria | Organelle that is the site of aerobic cell respiration-ATP production.
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| Lysosomes | Organelles that contain enzymes to digest ingested material or damaged tissue.
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| Centrioles | Organelle that organizes the spindle fibers during cell division.
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| Cilia | Organelle that sweeps material across the cell surface.
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| Flagellum | Organelle that enables a cell to move.
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| Microvilli | Organelle that increases a cell's surface area for absorption.
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| Aerobic | Oxygen requiring.
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| Diffusion | The movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to one of lesser concentration.
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| Concentration Gradient | The relative amounts of substance on either side of a membrane.
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| Osmosis | The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane or barrier.
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| Facilitated Diffusion | Movement of molecules through a membrane by carrier and transporter enzymes.
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| Active Transport | Movement of molecules from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration (requires energy ATP).
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| Filtration | Movement of water and dissolved substances from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure (blood pressure).
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| Phagocytosis | A moving cell engulfs something.
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| Pinocytosis | A stationary cell engulfs something.
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| Blood Pressure | Created by the pumping of the heart.
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| Solutes | Dissolved substances.
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| Isotonic | A solution with the same salt concentration as in cells.
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| Hypotonic | A solution with a lower salt concentration than in cells.
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| Hypertonic | A solution with a higher salt concentration than in cells.
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| Double Helix | The shape of the double strand of nucleotides of DNA.
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| Genetic Code | The sequence of arrangement of the four nitrogenous bases Adenine, Thymine,Guanine, and Cytosine.
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| Codon | The code for a single amino acid consisting of three (triplet) bases.
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| RNA | The other nucleic acid required to transcribe the genetic code in DNA into proteins.
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| Stem Cell | An unspecialized cell that may develop into several different kinds of cells.
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| Mitosis | The repair or replacement of damaged or dead cells.
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| Stages of Mitosis | Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokenesis.
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| Prophase | The chromosomes coil up and become visible short rods, the nuclear membrane disappears and the centrioles move toward opposite poles of the cell and organize spindle fibers.
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| Metaphase | The pairs of chromatids line up along the equator of the cell, the centromere of each pair is attached to a spindle fiber. The centromeres divide.
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| Anaphase | Each chromatid is now considered a separate chromosome. (two sets). The spindle fibers pull the chromosomes, one set toward each pole.
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| Telophase | The sets of chromosomes reach the poles and become indistinct as the DNA uncoils to form chromatin. A nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes.
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| Cytokinesis | The cytoplasm divides; new cell membrane is formed.
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| Meiosis | More complex process of cell division that results in the formation of gametes.
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| Gametes | Egg and sperm cells.
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| Haploid Number | Half the usual number of chromosomes.
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| Oogenesis | Meiosis that takes place in ovaries of women to form eggs.
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| Spermatogenesis | Meiosis that takes place in the testes of men to form sperm.
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| Fertilization | When the egg unites with the sperm.
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| Tranfer RNA (tRNA) | Picks up specific amino acids from food protein and brings them to their proper triplets on the mRNA.
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| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | The intermediary molecule between the nucleus and the ribosmes in the cytoplasm.
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| Anticodon | A triplet on the tRNA complementary to a triplet on the mRNA.
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| Peptide Bonds | The bond between amino acids in the formation of proteins.
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| Genome | Total genetic information in a particular species (DNA).
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| Diploid Number | The usual number of Chromosomes in a cell (46).
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| DNA Replication | Enables each chromosome to make a copy of itself.
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| Interphase | The time during which DNA replication takes place.
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| Tissues | A group of cells with similar structure and function.
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| Epithelial Tissue | The tissue found on external and internal body surfaces and which forms glands.
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| Squamous Cells | Epithelial cells that are flat.
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| Cuboidal Cells | Epithelial cells that are cube shaped.
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| Columnar Cells | Epithelial cells that are tall and narrow.
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| Simple Squamous Epithelium | One layer of thin, smooth, flat cells.
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| Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Many layers of cells, surface cells flat; lower cells rounded.
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| Transistional Epithelium Cells | A type of stratified epithelium with many layers of cells changing from rounded surface cells to flat.
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| Ciliated Cells | One layer of columnar epithelial cells with cilia on their free surfaces.
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| Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | One layer of cube shaped cells.
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| Simple Columnar Epithelium | Single layer of column shaped cells, taller than wide, specialized for secretion and absorption.
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| Glands | Cell or organs that secrete something.
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| Glandular Epithelium | Simple cuboidal cells that make up a gland whose function is secretion.
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| Microvilli | Folds of the cell membrane on their free surfaces.
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| Goblet Cell | Columnar cell which is unicellular and secretes mucous.
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| Ciliated Epithelium | Columnar cells that have cilia on their free surfaces.
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| Unicellular | One cell.
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| Multicellular | Many cells.
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| Exocrine Glands | Have ducts (tubes) to take secretion away from the gland to the site of its function.
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| Endocrine Glands | Ductless glands whose secretions enter the capillaries and are circulated throughout the body.
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| Connective Tissue | Areolar, adipose, firous, elastic tissue, blood, and bone whose common characteristic is a matrix in additon to cells.
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| Matrix | A structural network or solution of non-living intercellular material.
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| Blood | Consists of cells, plasma; cells are the living portion. The matrix of blood is plasma.
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| Hemopoietic Tissues | Blood forming tissues in the red bone marrow.
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| Red Blood Cells (RBCs) | Carry oxygen bonded to their hemoglobin.
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| White Blood Cells (WBCs) | Destroy pathogens and provide us with the immunity to some diseases.
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| Platelets | Prevent blood loss by causing clotting.
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| Areolar Tissue | Loose connectvie tissue whose cells are called fibroblasts, which produce protein fibers.
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| Fibroblasts | Cells of areolar connective tissue.
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| Collagen Fibers | Strong protein fiber found in areolar tissue.
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| Elastin Fibers | Elastic fibers found in areolar tissue.
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| Adipose Tissue | The cells are called adipocytes and are specialized to store fat.
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| Fibrous Connective Tissue | Consists mainly of parallel collagen fibers with few fibroblasts.
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| Elastic Connective Tissue | Made up mainly of elastin fibers.
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| Bone | Cells are called osteocytes; matrix is made of calcium salts and collagen and is strong, hard and not flexible.
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| Haversian Systems | Precise arrangement of osteocytes, matrix and blood vessels found in the shafts of long bones.
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| Cartilage | The protein matrix does not contain calcium salts and contains more water than bone, making it more resilient than bone. It is firm, yet smooth and flexible.
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| Chondrocytes | Found within the cartilage matrix; contain no capillaries, so nourishment depends on diffusion.
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| Muscle Tissue | Specialized for contraction. When contracted, they shorten, bringing about movement.
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| Types of Muscle Tissue | Skeletal, Smooth and Cardiac.
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| Skeletal Muscle | Voluntary muscle made up of large cylindrical cells with striations and several nuclei each; attached to bone.
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| Smooth Muscle | Involuntary or visceral muscle made up of small tapered cells with no striations and one nucleus each.
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| Cardiac Muscle | Branched cells with faint striations and one nucleus each.
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| Myocardium | Cardiac muscle that forms the walls of the chambers of the heart.
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| Nerve Tissue | Consists of nerve cells called neurons and some specialized cells found in the nervous system.
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| Neuron | Nerve Cell
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| Cell Body | Contains the nucleus and keeps the neuron alive.
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| Axon | A process or a cellular extension, that carries impulses away from the cell body. Each nueron has one axon.
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| Dendrite | A process or cellular extension that carries impulses toward the cell body. Each nueron may have several dendrites.
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| Synapse | A small space where nuerons meet, which an electrical impulse cannot cross as it travels along the cell membranes.
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| Neurotransmitters | Chemicals that allow impulse transmission between neurons.
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| Membranes | Sheets of tissue that cover or line surfaces or that separate organs or parts of organs.
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| Nueroglia | Specialized cells in the central nervous system that form myelin sheaths and other functions.
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| Schwann Cells | Specialized cells in the peripheral nervous system that form the myelin sheaths around neurons.
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| Serous Membranes | Sheets of simple squamous epthelium that line some closed body cavities and cover orgrans in these cavities.
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| Pleural Membranes | Serous membranes of the thoracic cavity.
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| Serous Fluid | A fluid that prevents friction between two layers of serous membrane.
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| Parietal Pericardium | Lines the fibrous pericardium.
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| Visceral Pericardium(epicardium) | On the surface of the heart muscle.
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| Peritoneum | The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.
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| Mesentery | Visceral peritoneum that is folded over and covers the abdomial organs.
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| Mucous Membranes | Line the body tracts and have openings to the environment.
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| Mucosa | Epithelium of a mucous membrane.
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| Mucus | Secretion by the mucous membranes that keeps the lining of epithelial cells wet so they will not dry out and die.
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| Superficial Fascia | Connective tissue between the skin and muscle.
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| Periosteum | Connective tissue the covers each bone and contain blood vessels that enter the bone.
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| Perichondrium | Connective tissue that covers cartilage, contains capillaries, its only blood supply.
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| Synovial | Connective tissue that lines joint cavities, secrete synovial fluid to prevent friction when joints move.
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| Deep Fascia | Connective tissue that covers each skeletal muscle and anchors tendons.
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| Meninges | Connective tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord and contains cerebrospinal fluid.
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| Fibrous Pericardium | Connective tissue that forms a sac around the heart and is lined by the serous parietal pericardium.
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| Tissue | A group of cells with similar structure and function.
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| Four Main Groups of Tissue | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nerve.
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| Epithelial Tissue | Found on surfaces; have no capillaries; some are capable of secretion; classified as to shape of cells and number of layers of cells.
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