Animal Reproduction
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| Asexual reproduction | Offspring production is “cloning” – they produce offspring that are genetically identical to themselves
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| Sexual Reproduction | Offspring production to comes from production of gametes by meiosis. Offspring is genetically different.
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| Budding | Offspring forms on or within a parent and eventually breaks free to live on its own
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| Fission | And individual splits into two identical individuals by mitosis
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| Parthenogenesis | Females produce eggs by mitosis and the resultant offspring are genetically identical to them
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| Oviparous | Animals that lay eggs
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| Viviparous | Animals that bear live young
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| Amniotic Egg | The fetus is enveloped in a series of membranes
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| Monotremes | The class of animals including duck-billed platapus and the spiny echidna that lay eggs
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| Marsupials | Give live birth to young that then live in pouches
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| Placental mammals | Animals that give birth to live young that develop in the mothers uterus
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| Gonad | Gamete-producing structure
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| Testis | The male gonad
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| Spermatogenesis | The process by which spermatozoa are formed
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| Seminiferous tubules | Where immature sperm develop
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| Epididymis | Where sperm mature
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| Erection | Male arousal involving a stiffening of the penis
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| Vas Deferens | Where spermatozoa is mixed with secretions of several accessory glands
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| Urethra | What carries sperm from the male to the female reproductive tract
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| Prostate Glands | Prevents urinary tract infection in males
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| Seminal Vesicles | Source of chemical energy for sperm movements
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| Bulbourethral Gland | Lubricates tip of penis and neutralizes acids in urethra
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| Ovary | The female gonad which produces ova by oogenesis
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| Oogenesis | The production of ova
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| Oocytes | Immature ova
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| Follicles | Fluid filled sacs where oocytes develop
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| Graafian follicle | A mature follicle containing an oocyte ready to be ovulated
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| Ovulaiton | When a Graafian follicle ruptures and delivers the oocyteto the oviduct
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| Oviduct | Uterine tube
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| Corpus Luteum | A ruptured follicle
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| Menstration | When the oocyte and corpus luteum both disintegrate if tfertilizatoin does not occur
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| Labia majora and labia minora | Female external genitalia
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| Cervic | An opening in the base of the uterus
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| Endometrium | Where the zygotes travels and implants on the highly vascular inner lining
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| Placenta | A structure that connects the vascular system of the mother and the fetus
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| Parturition | Dilation of the cervix followed by delivery of the infant and the placenta
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| Embryonic Development | Process where animals undergo cell division, differentiation, and morphogenesis
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| Cell division | Where a single cell gives rise to many cells through the process of mitosis
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| Differentiation | Cells become specialized into different tissues
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| Morphogenesis | When the embryo begins to take shape
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| Cleavage | A period as a result of fertilization marked by rapid cell
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| Morula | Solid base of cells
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| Blastula | When the morula develops a fluid-filled center
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| Blastocoel | The fluid filled center of the blastula
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| Gastrulation | When the blastula invaginates to form a two-layered gastrula
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| Ectoderm | The outside layer of the gastrula
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| Endoderm | The inside layer of the gastrula
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| Mesoderm | The middle layer of the gastrula that forms after the endo/ectoderms
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| Organogeneis | The process by which all organs are formed
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| Notochord | The first “backbone” in vertebrates
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| Neural tube | The embryo’s pre-cursor to the central nervous system
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| Life stages | Stages of metamorphosis (such as larvae and adult)
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| Metamorphosis | The process of “growing” into various life stages
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| Tadpoles | The stage directly after eggs for many frogs
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| Metamorph | When an animal sprouts limbs and moves onto land
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