Skeletal and Muscle systems
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| Hydrostatic Skeleton | Consists of internal body fluids within a limited space
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| Exoskeleton | A rigid structure formed external to the body and attached to the body surface
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| Chitin | The substance that makes up the exoskeleton of arthropods
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| Molting | The shedding of the exoskeleton
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| Endoskeleton | A skeleton of rigid components inside an animals body
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| Cartilage | Flexible connective tissue
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| Calcareous | Calcium-containing
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| Ligaments | Tough fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
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| Diaphysis | The large shaft of bone
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| Epiphysis | The two “stubs” at the end of the bone
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| Articular Cartilage | Reduces friction in the joins and protects the ends of the bone
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| Periosteum | The tough membrane containing blood vessels that penetrate the bone
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| Spongy bone | The bone in the epiphysis
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| Compact Bone | The bone surrounding the spongy bone in the epiphysis and the medullary cavity in the diaphysis
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| Medullary Cavity | A hollow cavity in the diaphysis which holds bone marrow
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| Red marrow | Fills the spaces in the spongy bone and makes red and white blood cells
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| Yellow Marrow | Fills the medullary cavity
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| Epiphyseal | disc Cartilage located between the diaphysis and each epiphysis
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| Epiphyseal line | All that remains of the growth plate after mature bone is formed
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| Axial skeleton | Composed of skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
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| Appendicular Skeleton | Consists of bones of the upper extremities and the pectoral girdle and lower extremities and pelvic girdle
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| Skull | Contains the cranium, facial bones, and mandible
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| Cranium | 8 fused bones encasing the brain
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| Mandible | Lower jaw
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| Vertebral column | Vertebrae separated by intervetebral disks (composed of fibrocartilage)
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| Cervical Vertebrae | 7 vertebrae of neck
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| Thoracic Vertebrae | 12 Vertebrae of the thorax, to which ribs are attached
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| Lumbar Vertbrae | 5 large vertebrae of lower back
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| Sacrum | Bone formed of 5 fused vertebrae
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| Coccyx | Tailbone formed of 3-5 fused vertebrae
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| Floating Ribs | The last two pairs of ribs unattached
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| Sternum | The first 10 pairs of ribs are joined here
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| Pectoral Girdle | Supports the upper extremities
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| Clavicle | Collarbone
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| Scapula | Shoulder Blade
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| Humerus | Upper arm bone
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| Ulna and Radius | Bones that form the lower arm
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| Carpal Bones | Wrist
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| Metacarpals | Bones of the hand
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| Phalanges | The digits
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| Pelvic Girdle | Two hip bones
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| Femur | Thigh bone
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| Patella | Kneecap
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| Tibia | Shin bone
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| Fibula | The smaller bone of the lower leg
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| Tarsal bones | The ankle of the foot
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| Metatarsals | The anterior foot bones
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| Phalanges | Toes
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| Tibio-Fibula | The fused tibia and fibula of the hind legs of frogs
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| Tibiotarsis | The fused tibia and proximal tarsal bones of birds
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| Tarsometatarsus | Lowest part of the leg (fused distal tarsals and metatarsal bones)
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| Muscles | Large groups of organized contractile cells
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| Skeletal Muscle Tissue | Muscle fibers that make up skeletal muscles
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| Myofibrils | Contractile elements of the muscles
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| Striations | Cross-banding in muscles
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| Voluntary | Under Conscious Control
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| Cardiac Muscle Tissue | Striated, interwoven muscle of the heart
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| Intercalated Discs | Connected cells that signal electral pulses to each other
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| Smooth Muscle | Non striated, non-voluntary muscles usually found in the digestive or circulatory systems
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| Involuntary | Not under conscious control
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| Tendons | Muscles attached to bone
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| Origin | The end of the muscle attached to bone that doe not more during contraction
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| Insertion | The bone to which the muscle is attached at the end where movement occurs
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| Antagonistic Group | Contraction of opposing muscles moves a body part in opposite directions
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| Flexors and Extensors | Flexors decrease the angel of bones that form a joint. Wheras extensors increase the angle
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| Abductors | Abductors move a body part away from the midline of the body
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| adductors | move a body part toward the midline
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| Biceps bracchii and triceps bracchii | The major antagonistic group that control elbow flexion
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| Quadriceps femoris and hamstrings | The major antagonistic group that control knee flexion
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