Pregnancy & Human Development
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| events that occur from fertilization until birth | pregnancy
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| time from last menstrual period until birth | gestation period
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| developing offspring | conceptus
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| conceptus from fertilization through 8th week | embryo
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| conceptus from 9th week through birth | fetus
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| oocyte is viable for up to __ hours after ovulation | 24
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| sperm is viable up to __ hours | 24-48
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| for fertilization to occur, coitus must occur no more than __ days before ovulation & no later than __ day after ovulation | 2; 1
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| when a sperm fuses with an egg to form a zygote | fertilization
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| sperm are conducted up uterine tubes by | peristalsis
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| sperm have __ __ for the chemical signals produced by oocytes, directing sperm to them | olfactory receptors
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| investing layer of radially elongated follicle cells surrounding the zona pellucida | corona radiata
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| transparent, non-cellular secreted layer surrounding an oocyte | zona pellucida
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| corona radiata are __ cells | granulosa
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| sperm __ corona radiata | penetrates
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| hundreds of sperm __ __ to digest zona pellucida | release enzymes
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| pattern of various chemical changes that occur in anterior of head of spermatozoon in response to contact w/ovum & that lead to sperm's penetration & fertilization of ovum | acrosomal reaction
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| hundreds of acrosomes must undergo exocytosis to | digest holes in zona pellucida
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| actin filaments in sperm head form __ __ that quickly finds & binds oocyte's sperm-binding membrane | acrosomal process
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| binding event of sperm & oocyte causes | oocyte & sperm membranes to fuse
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| binding event of sperm & oocyte causes contents of sperm to enter oocyte | cytoplasm
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| haploid nucleus (of ovum/sperm) occurring after meiosis in a germ cell | pronuclei
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| as sperm enter oocyte it | looses its tail
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| upon entry of sperm, 2ndary oocytes | completes meiosis II
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| when the pronuclei __ __ fertilization occurs | come together
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| maternal & paternal chromosomes Combine to produce | diploid zygote
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| fertilization in which only one spermatozoon enters the oocyte | monospermy
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| entrance of more than one spermatozoon into the ovum | polyspermy
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| almost as soon as male & female pronuclei come together | their chromosomes replicated
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| once chromosome replication takes place zygote ready to undergo | 1st mitotic division of conceptus
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| period of fairly rapid mitotic division of zygote without intervening growth | cleavage
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| zygote begins to divide 24 hours | after fertilization
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| zygote continues __ __ as it travels down uterine tube | mitotic divisions
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| mulberry-like solid mass of blastomeres resulting from cleavage in the early conceptus; made of 16/more cells (3days) | morula
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| stage of early embryonic development; the product of cleavage; ball of 100/ so cells hollows out, fills with fluid (day 4)- floats free in uterine cavity for 3d | early blastocyst
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| peripheral cells of blastocyst, which attach blastocyst to uterine wall & become placenta & membranes that nourish & protect developing organism | trophoblast cells
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| accumulation of cells in blastocyst from which embryo develops | inner cell mass
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| fluid-filled hollow sphere composed of outer sphere of single layer of trophoblasts cells & inner cell mass | late blastocyst
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| inner cell mass will | become embryo
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| attachment of blastocyst to epithelial lining of uterus, its penetration through epithelium, &, in humans, its embedding in stratum compactum of endometrium, occurring 6/7 days after fertilization of oocyte | implantation
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| cellular (inner) layer of the trophoblast; cells retain boundaries | cytotrophoblast
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| outer syncytial layer of the trophoblast; invades endometrium & rapidly digests uterine cells it contacts | syncytiotrophoblast
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| blastocyst burrows into endometrium & gets covered over & sealed off by | proliferating endometrial cells
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| implantation is completed by | 12th day after ovulation
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| implantation of blastocyst anywhere other than the uterus | ectopic
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| tubal pregnancy risk factor | scarring of uterine tube by prior tubal infection, adhesion due to previous surgery, clinical features
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| secreted by the trophoblast cells; viability of corpus luteum is maintained by | human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG)
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| hCG acts like | LH
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| signaled by hCG, corpus luteum continues to secrete | progesterone & estrogen
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| antibody tests that detect hCG | pregnancy tests
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| after 12th week __ takes over production of estrogen & progesterone for rest of pregnancy | placenta
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| maternal endometrial tissues & embryonic trophoblastic tissues form | placenta
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| trophoblastic cords from blastocyst invade the endometrium to form finger-like | chorionic villi
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| grow into chorionic villi from vascular system of newly forming embryo | blood capillaries
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| supplied with blood from mother develop between the villi | maternal blood sinuses
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| placenta is fully formed and functional by | third month
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| lowing through two umbilical arteries into capillaries of villi | fetal blood
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| after exchange with blood in maternal sinuses fetal blood | flows back to fetus in single umbilical vein
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| nutrients & oxygen __ from maternal sinuses into fetal blood | diffuse
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| fetal excretory products __ to maternal blood | diffuse
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| inner cell mass forms two layered | embryonic disc
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| during occurrence of implantation, 3 germ cell layers are forming from | bi-layered embryonic disc
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| during occurrence of implantation, extra __ __ develop | embryonic membranes
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| sac of transparent membrane filled w/amniotic fluid | amnion
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| sac on the ventral surface of the embryo | yolk sac
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| yolk sac produces earliest | blood cells & vessels
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| yolk sac later forms part of | digestive tube
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| out-pocketing of the yolk sac | allantois
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| allantois is __ __ for umbilical cord | structural base
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| helps form placenta; encloses embryonic body & all other membranes | chorion
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| during the 3rd week, the two-layered embryonic disc becomes a three-layered embryo | gastrulation
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| gastrulation begins when | primitive streak appears
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| raised dorsal groove that forms longitudinal axis of embryo | primitive streak
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| ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are | primary germ layers
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| rod of mesodermal cells that serves as first axial support | notochord
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| forms structures of nervous system and epidermis of skin | ectoderm
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| forms epithelial linings of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems, liver, pancreas | endoderm
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| forms muscle, cartilage, bone, blood & other connective tissues | mesoderm
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| formation of body organs | organogenesis
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| gastrulation sets stage for | organogenesis
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| all organ systems are recognizable & embryo is 22mm long (crown rump length) | end of embryonic period 8th wk
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| ectoderm forms __ __ which will become the brain & the spinal cord | neural tube
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| epidermis of skin, lens of eye, enamel of teeth are | of ectoderm origin
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| endoderm forms the | primitive gut
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| primitive gut forms epithelial lining of | GI tract
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| primitive gut forms associated organs | thyroid, liver, pancreas
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| primitive gut forms epithelium linings of | respiratory tracts
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| vertebrae and ribs, dermis of the skin, skeletal muscles, gonads and kidneys, other bones, heart & blood vessels, smooth muscle & other CT are | derivatives of mesoderm
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| unique cardiovascular modifications seen in prenatal development include | umbilical arteries & veins, & 3 vascular shunts (occluded at birth)
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| venous shunt that bypasses liver | ductus venosus
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| opening in the septum btwn two atria | foramen ovale
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| transfers blood from right ventricle to aorta | ductus arteriosus
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| fetal cardiovascular system is formed in | embryonic period
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| carries nutrients & oxygen from placenta to the embryo | umbilical vein
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| return oxygen poor waste laden blood to the placenta | pair of umbilical arteries
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| ductus venosus is a shunt that allows | most of blood to bypass liver
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| foramen ovale & ductus arteriosus allow | most of blood to bypass lungs
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| especially dangerous during embryonic period; may cause severe congenital abnormalities or fetal death; include alcohol, nicotine, some drugs, German measles | teratogens
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| causes growth retardation, developmental delays, microcephaly, mental retardation | fetal alcohol syndrome
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| all organ systems laid down; webbed digits now free; ossification begun; CVS is functional; CR length- 22mm | 8th week
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| heart is pumping blood since | 4th week
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| body elongating; crude facial features; blood cell formation begins in bone marrow; sex easily detected; CR length 90mm | 9th week
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| blinking of eyes- bones distinct; CR length 140mm | 13-16 weeks
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| vernix caseosa covers body; fetal position assumed- quickening- CR length; 190mm | 17-20 weeks
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| may survive if born premature, but lung surfactant is inadequate; CR length 280mm | 21-30 weeks
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| testis descends in scrotum in | 7th month
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| CR length- 360mm | 30-40 weeks
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| common anatomical change during pregnancy | lordosis
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| typical weight gain is about | 29 pounds
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| during pregnancy females' pelvic ligaments & pubic symphysis | relax
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| during pregnancy common anatomical change is __ expands till it occupies most of abdominal cavity | uterus
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| during pregnancy a metabolic change is that females are in | state of hypermetabolism
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| during pregnancy a metabolic change is maternal cells use more __ __ & less __, sparing it for the fetus | fatty acids; glucose
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| common metabolic disorder in pregnant women | gestational diabetes
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| during pregnancy physiological occurrence in GI tract, due to elevated estrogen & progesterone | morning sickness
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| during pregnancy physiological occurrence in urinary system, in which __ __ increases to handle the additional fetal wastes, frequency | urine production
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| during pregnancy physiological occurrence in urinary system, which affects respiratory system developing late in the pregnancy | dyspnea/difficulty breathing
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| during pregnancy physiological occurrence in cardiovascular system | blood volume & pressure increases
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| series of events that expel infant from uterus | labor
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| parturition | birth
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| occurs during last weeks of pregnancy causing myometrium to become more sensitive to oxytocin | estrogen reaches a peak
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| weak irregular contractions that may occur; false labor | Braxton Hicks
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| as birth nears __ & __ start rhythmic uterine contractions | oxytocin; prostaglandins
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| the more the uterus contracts, the more oxytocin is released due to a(n) | positive feedback mechanism
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| the more oxytocin is released, the __ __ are, ending in birth | strong contractions
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| stage 1 of labor | dilation
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| stage 2 of labor | expulsion
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| stage 3 of labor | placental
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| dilation stage lasts from onset of labor until | cervix is fully dilated
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| during dilation stage initial contractions are | weak but irregular
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| during dilation stage, as contraction become more rapid & prolonged cervix undergoes | effacement
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| effacement is | thinning & dilating of cervix
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| during dilation stage, __ ruptures, releasing amniotic fluid | amnion
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| during dilation stage, baby's head | enters true pelvis
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| when baby enters true pelvis | engagement
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| during dilation stage, as descent occurs through birth canal | baby's head rotates
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| the dilation stage lasts for | 6-12 hours
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| at 10 cm the cervix | is fully dilated
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| during dilation stage, the widest head dimension is in | left to right axis
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| during dilation stage, after rotation the widest head dimension is in | anteroposterior axis
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| from full dilation to delivery of infant | expulsion stage
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| during expulsion stage, __ __ occur every 2–3 minutes and last about 1 minute | strong contractions
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| during expulsion stage, __ __ __ increases | urge to push
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| during expulsion stage, __ occurs | birth
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| crowning occurs | during expulsion stage
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| expulsion stage lasts from | 1- 2hours
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| when largest dimension of head is distending vulva | crowning
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| delivery of placenta & attached fetal membranes | afterbirth
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| afterbirth is accomplished within | 30min of birth
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| afterbirth is delivered during | placental stage
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| during placental stage, continued uterine contractions | detach placenta off uterine wall
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| during placental stage, all placenta fragments must be removed to prevent | postpartum hemorrhage
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| Immediately after birth, infant’s physical status is assessed based on | heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, & reflexes
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| total score of heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, & reflexes | Apgar Score
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| each observation under Apgar Score is | given a score of 0 to 2
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| 8-10 Apgar Score indicates | healthy baby
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| lower than 8-10 Apgar Score may reveal | problems with baby
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| once carbon dioxide is no longer removed by placenta it | accumulates in baby’s blood
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| accumulation of CO2 in baby's blood | excites respiratory centers in brain stem to trigger first inspiration
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| when infant is born lung are collapsed so 1st inspiration | takes tremendous effort
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| once infant's lungs inflate, __ __ __ helps reduce surface tension, breathing is easier | surfactant in alveoli
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| after birth, the special umbilical __ & __ are not required | vessels; shunts
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| after birth, changes that occur to umbilical arteries | distal parts become fibrosed as umbilical ligaments
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| after birth, changes that occur to umbilical vein | becomes round ligament of liver
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| after birth, changes that occur to ductus venosus | becomes ligamentum venosum
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| after birth, changes that occur to foramen ovale | becomes fossa ovalis
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| after birth, changes that occur to ductus arteriosus | becomes ligamentum arteriosum
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| toward end of pregnancy estrogen, progesterone, & human placental lactogen stimulate hypothalamus to release | prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
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| responds to PRH by releasing prolactin which causes milk production | anterior pituitary
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| released the first 2–3 days; rich in vitamin A, protein, minerals, & IgA antibodies | colostrum
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| baby’s suckling causing release of oxytocin; which causes milk ejection | milk let down
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| fluid-filled, hollow ball of cells | blastocyst
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| fetus begins at | week nine
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| has three primary germ layers and embryonic membranes | gastrula
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| morula | berry-shaped cluster of 16 or more cells
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| zygote | single-celled embryo
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| bones form from | mesoderm
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| brain forms from | ectoderm
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| liver forms from | endoderm
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| ductus arteriosus functions to | allow blood to bypass the lungs
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| ductus venosus functions to | allow blood to bypass liver
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| ligamentum venosum is | remnant of venous shunt that bypassed liver
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| ligamentum arteriosus is | remnant of vessel that connected pulmonary artery to aorta in fetus
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| umbilical cord functions to | carry blood to & from placenta
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| function of foramen ovale | connects right atrium to left atrium
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| fossa ovalis is | depression on wall of atrial septum
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| umbilical artery carries __ concentration of oxygen | highest
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| umbilical vein carries __ concentration of oxygen | medium
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| estrogen | rises throughout pregnancy
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| hCG | lets the corpus luteum know you are pregnant
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| oxytocin | causes contraction of uterus near end of pregnancy
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| relaxin | causes pelvic ligaments & pubic symphysis to become more flexible
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| occurs on day 14 of average menstrual cycle | ovulation
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| day 21 of average menstrual cycle | implantation begins
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| forms embryo proper | inner cell mass
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| forms chorion of placenta | trophoblast
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| third week | embryo
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| occurs within one day after ovulation | fertilization
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| at end of 8th week | fingers and toes formed
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| nine to 12 weeks | sex detectable by genitals
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| 13-16weeks | most bones distinct and joint cavities apparent
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| 17-20 weeks | mother feels fetal muscle movements
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| 7th month | testes reach scrotum in males
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| 8-9th month | fat laid down in subcutaneous tissue
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| after fertilization the zygote goes through a rapid period of cell divisions called | cleavage
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| implantation is usually completed after | blastocyst is entirely surrounded by endometrium
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| chorion is | outermost embryonic membrane
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| gastrulation | process that transforms the embryo into a three-layered stage
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| brain | formed from ectodermal tissues
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| function of the ductus arteriosus | bypass the pulmonary circuit
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| oxytocin | hormone that induces labor and controls labor via a positive feedback mechanism
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| dilation, expulsion, placental | correct order of the stages of labor
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| fossa ovalis structure represents | remnants of atrial fetal shunt
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| signals corpus luteum to continue producing estrogen & progesterone to maintain pregnancy | function of the hormone hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
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| heart begins to beat in developing offspring | at 3-4 weeks
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| implantation of the blastocyst begins | 6-7 days after ovulation
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| milk production by the breast tissue is caused by | prolactin
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| newborn's source of energy for the first few days | fat
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| disc-shaped placenta is formed from | chronic villi & decidua basalis
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| gastrulation | process by which three primary germ layers form
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| first major event of organogenesis | neurulation
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| cleavage produces | sphere of very small cells
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| placenta forms from | chorion & endometrium
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| hCG begins to __ after week 8 | decline
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| placenta is __ __ for embryo & fetus | nutritive agent
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| neurulation is | differentiation of the ectoderm
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| early ventral body cavity forms from | folding of embryonic body
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| chorionic villi membrane & endothelium of fetal capillaries | separate mother & fetal blood supplies
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| when blood leaves fetal heart | only part of it will pass to placenta before returning to heart again
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| ductus arteriosus allows fetal blood to __ lungs | bypass
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| occurs eight weeks into pregnancy | head of fetus is nearly as large as body
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| occurs 17-20 weeks into pregnancy, during the fetal period | quickening
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| __ & __ are hormones & powerful uterine muscle stimulants which cause contractions to become more frequent & more vigorous | oxytocin; prostaglandins
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| woman has deformed/male-like pelvis, resulting in prolonged & difficult labor; condition can lead to fetal brain damage, ultimately causing cerebral palsy/epilepsy | dystocia
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|
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