Urinary, acid-base balance,endocrine
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| show | kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
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| show | retroperitoneal
superior lumbar region
against posterior wall of abdominal cavity
on both sides of the vertebral column
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| encasing of kidneys | show 🗑
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| function of renal capsule | show 🗑
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| show | cortex and medulla
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| how is medulla arranged | show 🗑
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| function of minor and major calyces | show 🗑
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| show | concave, medial side of kidney
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| function of hilum (2) | show 🗑
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| kidneys account for what percentage of cardiac output | show 🗑
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| how many liters of blood filtered daily | show 🗑
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| what does blood filtering allow | show 🗑
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| show | removal of nitrogenous waste products from blood
controls rate of RBC production
regulates BP
regulates calcium absorption
regulates volume and composition of body fluids
maintains proper acid/base, water/salt balance
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| show | secretion of erythropoietin
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| show | production of renin
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| how do kidneys regulate calcium absorption | show 🗑
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| show | functional unit of kidney
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| components of nephron (2) | show 🗑
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| renal corpuscle | show 🗑
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| show | linear system of tubes that modify filtered blood (urine)
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| types of nephrons (2) | show 🗑
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| cortical nephron | show 🗑
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| juxtamedullary nephron | show 🗑
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| importance of juxtamedullary nephrons | show 🗑
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| blood supply to nephron (4) | show 🗑
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| show | brings blood to renal corpuscle
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| show | anastomosing capillary system
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| show | glomerulus
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| show | fenestrated for maximum permeability
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| glomerulus is surrounded by what? | show 🗑
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| show | control size of pore slits
prevent large items from exiting blood
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| show | slightly smaller than afferent
increased pressure forces more materials out of glomerulus
drains blood after filtration
increases filtration rate
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| show | peritubular capillaries
vasa recta
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| peritubular capillaries (2) | show 🗑
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| vasa recta (2) | show 🗑
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| show | drains blood from nephron
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| show | substances in blood leak out into Bowman's capsule
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| what kind of pressure drives filtration | show 🗑
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| criteria for filtration | show 🗑
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| what can filter out of blood (3) | show 🗑
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| show | antigen-antibody complexes and inflammation cause increase permeability of glomerular capillaries
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| effect of glomerulonephritis | show 🗑
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| function of net filtration pressure (NFP) | show 🗑
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| what is NFP equal to | show 🗑
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| what is glomerular filtration rate (GFR) dependent on | show 🗑
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| how is GFR determined | show 🗑
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| obstruction of urine path increase and decreases what | show 🗑
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| show | substances in the filtrate that the body wishes to conserve are actively transported into the peritubular capillaries
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| what happens to most filtrate volume | show 🗑
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| where does majority of tubular reabsorption occur and why | show 🗑
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| concept of renal threshold | show 🗑
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| show | substance is present in urine
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| show | sodium ions actively reabsorbed
negative ions follow sodium by passive transport
water follows by osmosis
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| show | proximal convoluted and distal convoluted tubules
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| why is reabsorption rate of some mineral hormonally controlled | show 🗑
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| show | calcium reabsorption
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| what % of filtered urea is reabsorbed | show 🗑
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| show | not reabsorbed
used to measure glomerular function
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| tubular secretion | show 🗑
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| show | quick removal of substances from body
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| show | mechanism that coordinates BP and sodium reabsorption
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| composition of juxtaglomerular apparatus (2) | show 🗑
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| macula densa | show 🗑
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| show | has mechanoreceptors that monitor BP in afferent arteriole
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| what do juxtaglomerular cells secrete when BP is too low | show 🗑
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| show | activates angiotensin I in the blood
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| what is angiotensin I transformed to in the lungs | show 🗑
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| what does angiotensin II stimulate | show 🗑
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| what does aldosterone do | show 🗑
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| what concentrates urine to greatest degree | show 🗑
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| what maintains an increasing sodium gradient deep in the medulla | show 🗑
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| what does the water permeability of the loop of Henle cause | show 🗑
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| show | released by posterior pituitary in response to decreased concentration of water in bloodstream
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| what does ADH cause | show 🗑
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| show | primary waste product in urine
nitrogenous byproduct of amino acid metabolism
enters tubule by filtration but much is passively reabsorbed
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| show | nitrogenous byproduct of nucleic acid metabolism
majority reabsorbed to be recycled by body
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| gout | show 🗑
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| show | drugs that inhibit uric acid reabsorption
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| show | sodium
potassium
others
potential bodily deficiency with excess urine production
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| show | tubular organ that conducts urine from kidney to bladder via slow peristaltic waves
squirts into bottom portion of bladder past flap-like valves
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| show | hollow distensible organ that stored urine
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| shape and size of bladder | show 🗑
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| trigone | show 🗑
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| show | forms internal sphincter around urethra
reflex will not allow relaxation until pressure in bladder reaches a certain level
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| show | process by which urine is expelled from the bladder
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| show | bladder distended, stretch receptors transmit to micturition reflex center in sacral spinal cord
reflex triggers release of internal sphincter, urine progresses to external sphincter
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| show | pressure on external sphincter
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| show | skeletal muscle under voluntary control
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| show | cerebral cortex and brain stem
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| show | pons and hypothalamus
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| urethra | show 🗑
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| show | very short in females
males have prostatic and penile urethra
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| female short urethra can cause | show 🗑
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| show | urine flow
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| water accounts for what % of body mass, what determines %? | show 🗑
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| water % of infants | show 🗑
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| show | 50-60%
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| water % of aged | show 🗑
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| more fat= | show 🗑
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| show | within cells
approx. 2/3of body water
abundant potassium, magnesium, phosphate ions
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| extracellular fluids (ECF) (2) | show 🗑
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| show | fluid of blood
contains large amount of albumins
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| albumins | show 🗑
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| show | fluid between cells
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| show | osmotic and hydrostatic pressure
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| water movement between compartments | show 🗑
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| show | restricted by size and charge
dependent on active transport
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| show | water always follows solute movement
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| water balance | show 🗑
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| show | ingested foods and fluids (90%)
metabolic water (10%)
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| regulation of input | show 🗑
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| show | hypothalamus osmoreceptors sense increased plasma osmolarity or decreased fluid volume
inhibit secretions from salivary glands
sensation of being thirsty
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| show | lungs (moist air is expired with each breath)
skin (sweat)
GI tract (feces)
kidneys (urine)
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| show | unavoidable daily loss of water through skin, feces, lungs, and urine
~500mL per day
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| beyond obligatory loss | show 🗑
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| show | when water loss exceeds water intake
dry skin, thirst, decreased urine output
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| hypotonic hydration (4) | show 🗑
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| edema | show 🗑
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| show | salts, acids, and bases
usually refers to only salt balance
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| electrolyte intake via diet | show 🗑
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| electrolyte loss | show 🗑
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| show | urine is only source
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| show | central role
most abundant ion in ECF (90-95% of all solutes)
major effector of ECF osmotic pressure
control water volume and distribution among compartments
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| show | K+, Cl-, HCO3- and H+ concentration in ECF
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| renin-angiotensin system regulates: | show 🗑
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| show | renin-angiotensin system
under neural control of sympathetic tone
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| show | increased by aldosterone
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| show | acts as sensors of BP
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| show | vasoconstriction and increased sodium reabsorption
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| rising arterial pressure | show 🗑
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| show | increased BP stimulates certain atrial myocytes to release ANP
inhibits renin/aldosterone and ADH pathways thereby enhancing sodium and water excretion
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| show | enhance sodium reabsorption
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| regulation of calcium balance | show 🗑
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| calcitonin | show 🗑
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| PTH | show 🗑
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| show | proton donors
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| strong acids | show 🗑
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| show | incompletely disassociate in solution
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| show | proton acceptors
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| blood pH | show 🗑
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| acidosis | show 🗑
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| show | blood pH above 7.45
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| show | ingested food (minor source)
breakdown of phosphorus containing proteins (phosphoric acid)
incomplete oxidation of fats (ketones) or glucose (lactic acid)
dissolved carbon dioxide (carbonic acid)
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| mechanisms to regulate blood pH (3) | show 🗑
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| show | composed of a weak acid and its salt
rapidly resist excessive pH changes by releasing or removing H+
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| show | bicarbonate
proteins
phosphate
ammonia
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| show | acidosis activates respiratory center to increase respiration rate and depth of ventilation
eliminates excess CO2 causing an increase in pH of blood
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| show | major long term control of pH
only source to eliminate metabolic organic acids (except carbonic) from the body
H+ produced via respiration of kidney tubule cells secreted into filtrate
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| show | for each H+ secreted, on Na+ and one HCO3- are reabsorbed
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| show | via phosphate and ammonia in filtrate
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| controlling systems of the body | show 🗑
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| nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | prolonged control via the action of hormones
primarily influences cellular metabolism
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| endocrine glands | show 🗑
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| show | a substance made in one location that exerts its effect at another location in the body
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| exocrine gland | show 🗑
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| show | pituitary
thyroid
adrenal
pineal
thymus
pancreas
gonads
parathyroid
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| show | stomach
small intestine
kidneys
heart
liver
adipose
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| hypothalamus | show 🗑
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| steroid hormones | show 🗑
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| show | derivatives of amino acids
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| peptide hormones | show 🗑
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| protein hormones | show 🗑
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| function of hormones | show 🗑
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| show | hormone must be recognized by cell in order to have effect
cells have receptors specific for certain hormones
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| show | dynamic
body can alter which receptor are present on various cells and in what quantity
alters degree of response to hormonal message and effect
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| show | steroid diffuses across membrane, hormone/receptor complex initiates mRNA production, new protein sysnthesis, diffuse into cell and bind to protein receptors, receptor moves to nucleus and initiates mRNA translation of specific group of genes
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| nonsteroid hormones mechanism of action | show 🗑
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| show | limited and vary for each hormone
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| what is half life and duration dependent on | show 🗑
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| show | blood by degrading enzymes, kidneys, liver enzyme systems
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| function of negative feedback loops | show 🗑
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| negative feedback loop of hormone secretion | show 🗑
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| glands under direct neural control | show 🗑
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| changes in environment and example | show 🗑
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| show | amplifies original stimulus
fewer examples
increase hormone concentration
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| pituitary gland | show 🗑
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| show | hormone secreting glandular portion
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| posterior pituitary | show 🗑
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| show | regulates hormonal output of anterior via Releasing Factors and Inhibiting Factors, portal tract between hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, synthesizes two hormones that are transported and stored in posterior pituitary for later release
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| hormones of the anterior pituitary | show 🗑
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| tropic hormones | show 🗑
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| gonadotropins | show 🗑
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| thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) | show 🗑
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| show | adrenal cortex control
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| prolactin (PRL) | show 🗑
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| show | anabolic hormone that stimulates growth of all body tissues, stimulates somatomedians production in liver
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| somatomedians | show 🗑
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| growth hormone most potent effect on | show 🗑
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| show | produces giantism in children and acromegaly in adults
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| GH hyposecretion | show 🗑
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| show | both made in hypothalamus, oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone
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| show | dependent upon presence or absence plus number of receptors, labor contractions, milk ejection, orgasm
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| show | controlled via hypothalamus by positive feedback
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| show | kidney control
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| show | located in anterior throat
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| thyroxin or thyroid hormone | show 🗑
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| Thyroxin action | show 🗑
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| T3 and T4 | show 🗑
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| hyperthyroidism | show 🗑
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| show | overactivity, weight loss, nervousness, sweaty palms and forehead
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| show | common with increasing age, lethargy and weight gain, iodine deficiency, cretinism
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| show | enlarged thyroid
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| cretinism | show 🗑
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| show | lowers blood calcium levels by stimulating activity of osteoblasts, manufactured by parafollicular cells
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| parathyroid glands | show 🗑
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| show | antagonist of calcitonin, elevates blood calcium levels via several mechanisms
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| PTH mechanisms | show 🗑
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| show | wasting away of bone due to excessive activity of osteoclasts
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| hypoparathyroidism | show 🗑
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| adrenal glands | show 🗑
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| show | steroid hormones, cholesterol derivatives, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, gonadocorticoids
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| show | primarily aldosterone, increases blood pressure via reabsorption of sodium, release stimulated by renin/angiotensin system and/or ACTH, inhibited by atrial natriuretic factor
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| show | levels of other electrolytes that are coupled to sodium transport (rennin-angiontensin mechanism)
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| glucocorticoids | show 🗑
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| show | increase blood glucose, fatty acids, and a.a. levels, increase blood pressure, inhibit inflammation and immune responses, stimulated primarily by ACTH
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| gonadocorticoids | show 🗑
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| show | catecholomines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
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| epinephrine and norepinephrine | show 🗑
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| secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine causes | show 🗑
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| show | endocrine portion called islets of Langerhans composed of alpha and beta cells
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| alpha cells | show 🗑
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| beta cells | show 🗑
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| show | polypeptide hormone released by alpha cells when blood glucose levels falling, stimulates liver to breakdown stored glycogen and release glucose into bloodstream
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| show | breakdown of glycogen
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| show | synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates
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| show | released by beta cells in response to rising blood glucose levels, stimulates cellular uptake and metabolism of glucose, enhances transport of glucose into body cells
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| diabetes mellitus | show 🗑
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| show | ovary and testes
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| pineal gland | show 🗑
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| show | influences daily rhythms such as sleep/wake cycles
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| show | produces hormones necessary for the proper development of the immune system (t lymphocytes or t cells)
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| increased osteoclast activity | show 🗑
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