GE 258 CH 6-8
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| contains no blood vessels or nerves | skeletal cartilage
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| surrounded by the perichondrium that resists outward expansion | skeletal cartilage
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| three types of skeletal cartilage | hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage
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| type of cartilage that provides support, flexibility, and resilience | hyaline cartilage
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| type of cartilage that is most abundant in skeletal cartilage | hyaline cartilage
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| type of cartilage that is presented in these cartilages: articulat, costal, respiratory, nasal | hyaline cartilage
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| hyaline cartilage is presented in these type of cartilage | articular, costal, respiratory, nasal
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| type of hyaline cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum | costal
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| type of hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of long bones | articular
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| type of hyaline cartilage that makes up larynx, reinforces air passages | respiratory
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| type of hyaline cartilage that supports the nose | nasal
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| type of cartilage that is similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers | elastic cartilage
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| type of cartilage that is found in the external ear and the epiglottis | elsatic cartilage
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| type of cartilage that is highly compressed with great tensile strength | fibrocartilage cartilage
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| type of cartilage that contains collagen fibers | fibrocartilage cartilage
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| type of cartilage that is found in menisci of the knee and in the intervertebral discs | fibrocartilage cartilage
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| cells in the perichondrium that secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage | appositional
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| lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage dividing and secreting new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within | interstitial
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| calcificationof cartilage occurs during | normal bone growth and old age
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| bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage | axial skeleton
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| bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip | appendicular skeleton
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| type of bone that is longer than they are wide | long bone
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| type of bone that is cube-shaped | short bones
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| type of bone that makes up the wrist and ankle | short bones
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| type of bone that form within the tendons | short bones
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| type of bone that is thin, flattened, and a bit curved | flat bones
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| type of bone that makes up the sternum, and mosk skull bone | flat bones
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| type of bone that has complicated shapes | irregular bones
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| type of bone that makes up the vertebrae and hip bones | irregular bones
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| function of the bone | support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell formation
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| known as blood cell formation that occurs within the the marrow cavities of bones | hematopoiesis
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| bone marking that is a rounded projection | tuberosity
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| bone marking that is narrow, prominent ridge of bone | crest
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| bone marking that has a large, blunt, irregular surgace | tronchanter
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| bone marking that is a narrow ridge of bone | line
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| bone marking that is a small rounded projection | tubercle
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| bone marking that is a raised area above a chondyle | epicondyle
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| bone marking that is a sharp, slender projection | spine
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| bone marking that is any bony prominence | process
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| bone marking that is a bony expansion carried on a narrow neck | head
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| bone marking that is smooth, nearly flat articular surface | facet
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| bone marking that is a rounded articular projection | condyle
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| bone marking that is an armlike bar of bone | ramus
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| bone marking that is canal-like passageway | meatus
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| bone marking that is a cavity within a bone | meatus
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| bone marking that is shallow, basin-like depression | fossa
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| bone marking that is furrow | groove
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| bone marking that is narrow, slit-like opening | fissure
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| bone marking that is round or oval opening through a bone | foramen
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| dense outer layer of the bone | compact bone
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| honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow | spongy bone
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| structure of a long bone consist of a | diaphysis and epiphysis
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| tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones | diaphysis
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| composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity | diaphysis
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| yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity | diaphysis
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| expanded ends of long bone | epiphyses
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| exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone | epiphyses
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| bone membrane that is a double-layered of protective membrane | periosteum
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| outer fibrous layer of the periosteum is | dense regular connective tissue
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| inner osteogenic layer of periosteum is composed of | osteoblast, osteoclast
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| periosteum is secured to theunderlying bone by | sharpey's fibers
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| delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone | endosteum
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| location of hematopoietic tissue (red marrow) in infants | found in medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bones
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| location of hematopoietic tissue (red marrow) in adults | found in the dipole of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus
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| the structual unit of compact bone | Haverisan system, or osteon
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| wight bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen | lamella
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| central channel containing blood vessels and nerves | haversia, or central canal
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| channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal | Volkmann's canals
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| mature bone cells | osteocytes
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| small cavities in bone that conatin osteocytes | lacunae
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| hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal | canaliculi
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| bone-forming cells | osteoblasts
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| mature bone cells | osteocytes
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| large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix | osteoclasts
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| unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen | osteoid
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| bone develops from a fibrous membrane | intramembranous ossification
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| bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage | endochondral ossification
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| begins in the second month of bone development | endochondral ossification
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| uses hyaline cartilage "bones" as models for bone construction | endochondral ossification
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| requires breakdown of hyaline cartilage prior to ossification | endochondral ossification
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| function zone in long bone growth in which cartilage cells undergo mitosis, pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis | growth zone
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| function zone in long bone growth in which older cells enlarge, the matrix becomes calcified, cartilage cells die, and the matrix begins to deteriorate | transformation zone
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| functional zones in long bone growth in which new bone formation occurs | osteogenic zone
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| long bone growth and remodeling in which the cartilage continually grows and is replaced by bone | growth in length
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| long bone growth and remodeling in which bone is resorbed and added by appositional growth | remodeling
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| during infancy and childhood, epiphyseal plate activity is stimulated by | growth hormone
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| condition of bone in which there is inadequate minerlization. Osteoid produced byt no calcium salts of or lack of Vit. D | osteomalacia
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| condition of the bone in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit | osteoporosis
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| type of bone fracture in which bone ends retain thier normal position | nondisplaced
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| type of bone fracture in which bone ends are out of normal alignment | displaced
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| type of bone fracture in which the bone is broken all the way through | complete
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| type of bone fracture in which the bone is not broken all the way through | incomplete
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| type of bone fracture in which the fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone | linear
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| type of bone fracture in which the facture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone | transverse
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| type of bone fracture in which the bone end penetrate the skin | compound (open)
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| type of bone fracture in which the bone end do not penetrate the skin | simple (closed)
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| type of bone fracture that is an incomplete fracture more common in children (more flexible) | greenstick
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| a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces or demands placed upon it | Wolff's Law
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| weakest part of the skeleton | joints (articulations)
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| site where two or more bones meet | articulation
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| function of joints | skeleton mobility, hold the skeleton together
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| three functional classes of joints are: | synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses
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| immovable joint | synarthroses
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| slightly movable joint | amphiarthroses
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| freely movable joint | diarthroses
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| three structural classifications of joints are | fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
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| joint in which bones are joined by fibrous tissues | fibrous structural joints
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| joint in which there is no joint cavity | fibrous structural joints
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| joint in which most are immovable | fibrous structural joints
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| three types of fibrous structural joints | sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
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| fibrous structural joints that occur between the bones of the skull | sutures
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| fibrous structural joint that comprises of interlocking junction completely filled with connective tissue fibers | sutures
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| fibrous structural joint in which bones are connected by a fibrous tissue ligament | syndesmoses
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| fibrous structural joint in which movement varies from immovable to slightly variable | syndesmoses
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| examples of fibrous structural joint includes the connection between the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna | syndesmoses
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| joint in which articulating bones are united by cartilage | cartilaginous joint
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| lacks a joint cavity | cartilaginous joint
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| two types of cartilaginous joint | synchondrosies and symphyses
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| cartilaginous joint in which a bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones | synchondroses
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| examples of cartilaginous joint include epiphyseal plates of children, joint between costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum | synchondroses
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| cartilaginous joint in which hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface of the bone and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage | symphyses
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| amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility | symphyses
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| examples of cartilaginous joint include intervertebral joints and the public symphysis of the pelvis | symphyses
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| those joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid-containing joint cavity | synovial joint
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| freely movable diarthroses | synovial joint
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| examples of joint include all limb joints and most joints of the body | synovial joint
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| synovial joints general structure include: | articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments
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| flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid | bursae
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| common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together | bursae
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| elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon | tendon sheath
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| stability of a synovial joint is determined by | articular surfaces, ligaments
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| shape determines what movments are possible | articular surface
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| unite bones and prevent exxessive or undesirable motion | ligaments
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| muscle tone is accomplished by | muscle tendons across joints acting as stablizing factors and tendons are kept tight at times by muscle tone
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| the two muscle attachments across a joint are | origin, insertion
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| attachment to the immovable bone | origin
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| attachment to the movable bone | insertion
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| range of motion to include slipping movements only | nonaxial
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| range of motion to include movement in one plane | uniaxial
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| range of motion to include movement in two planes | biaxial
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| range of motion to include movement in or around all three planes | multiaxial
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| range of motion in which one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface | gliding movement
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| examples include intercarpal and intertarsal joints, and between the flat articular processes of the vertebrae | gliding movement
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| bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint | flexion
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| reverse of felxion; joint angle is increased | extension
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| up and down movment of the foot | dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
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| movement away from the midline | abduction
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| movement toward the midline | adduction
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| movement describes a cone in space | circumduction
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| the turning of a bone around its own long axis | rotation
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| the ligaments reinforcing a joint are stretched or torn | sprains
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| partially torn ligaments are repaired by | repairing themselves slowly
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| completely torn ligaments are repaired by | prompt surgcial repair
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| occurs when bones are forced out of alignment | dislocation
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| parital dislocation of a joint | subluxation
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| an inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow or friction | bursitis
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| inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse | tendonitis
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| considered an non-inflammatory condition of arthritis | osteoarthritis
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| most common chronic arthritis; often called "wear-and-tear" arthritis | osteoarthritis
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| chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of unknown cause, with an insidious onset | rheumatoid arthritis
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| deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation response | gouty arthritis
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