The Lymphatic System
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| The lymphatic system includes: | Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph nodules, spleen, thymus gland
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| What is the fluid in the lymphatic vessels called? | Lymph
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| Lymph begins as filtrate from plasma in the _________ space? | Interstitial
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| Lymph returns excess fluid not returned by _____ in the capillaries? | Osmosis
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| Lymph helps maintain? | BP
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| Lymph vessels carry? | Lymph
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| Lymph vessels begin as blind/dead-end capillaries called? | Lymph capillaries
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| Where are lymph vessels found? | In the interstitial spaces of most tissues
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| What prevents fluid from moving out of the lymph vessels? | Endothelial cells that create flaps
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| What are specialized lymph capillaries in the villi of the small intestine? | Lacteals
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| What do lacteals absorb? | Fat soluble products
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| Lymph in extremities flows via the? | Skeletal muscle pump
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| Valves made of endothelium prevent lymph from flowing? | Down
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| As muscles contract it forces lymph? | Up
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| Lymph elsewhere is pushed toward the heart by? | The vasoconstriction of the lymph vessels
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| What creates pressure during breathing to push lymph from the vessels in the lungs and chest cavity? | Respiratory pump
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| Lymph all flows back to the? | Blood stream
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| Vessels in the lower body unite in front of the lumbar spine to form the? | Cisterna chyli
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| Cisterna chylic becomes the _________ which travels along the spine? | Thoracic duct
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| The thoracic duct unites with vessels of the left upper body and empty into the? | Left subclavian vein
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| Vessels of the right upper body unite to form the ______________ and empty into the right subclavian vein? | Right lymphatic duct
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| What do valves help prevent during lymph flow? | Prevent blood from flowing back into the lymph
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| Lymphatic tissue mainly consists of? | Lymphocytes in a framework of connective tissue
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| What migrates to the lymphatic tissue and become lymphocytes? | WBCs
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| Lymphocytes proliferate in response to? | Infections in all lymphatic tissue
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| What type of cells does the thymus have the produces most of the T lymphocytes? | Stem cells
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| What are masses of lymphatic tissue? | Lymph nodes
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| Lymph nodes are encapsulated in? | Connective tissue
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| Where are lymph nodes found? | Found in groups along lymphatic vessels
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| Afferent vessels flow _______ the node? | Toward
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| Efferent vessels flow _______ the node? | Away
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| As lymph passes through, pathogens are phagocytized by resident/fixed lymphocytes called? | Macrophages
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| Plasma cells develop from ________ exposed to pathogens? | Lymphocytes (B cells)
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| Plasma cells produce? | Antibodies
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| Pathogens more likely to enter the body parts that are drained by which areas? | Cervical, axillary, and inguinal nodes
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| Nodes may swell when fighting? | Infection
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| What are smaller than nodes? | Lymph nodule
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| Are lymph nodules unencapsulated? | Yes
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| Where are lymph nodules found? | Found just beneath all mucosa
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| Lymph nodules in the small intestine are called? | Peyer's Patches
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| Lymph nodules in the pharynx are called? | Tonsils
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| Where is the spleen located? | LUQ just beneath the diaphragm, behind the stomach, covered by the ribs
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| The spleen in the fetus produces? | RBCs
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| What are the functions of the spleen after birth? | Contains plasma cells that produce antibodies; RE cells phagocytize pathogens and old RBC's and form bilirubin; Stores platelets
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| The thymus is inferior to the? | Thyroid gland
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| The thymus produces? | T cells
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| What enables the T cells to recognize foreign antigens and thus provide immunity? | Thymic hormones
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| What is immunity? | The ability to destroy pathogens and foreign material to prevent infection
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| What two things can be recognized as foreign? | Mutated cells and organ transplants
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| What are the chemical markers on cell membranes that identify cells? | Antigens
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| What type of immunity is nonspecific, no memory, and doesn't become more efficient with exposure? | Innate immunity
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| What type of barrier is keratinized epithelium? | Epidermis
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| What type of barrier prevents bacterial growth? | Sebum
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| What type of barrier is antimicrobial made in the live epidermal cells? | Defensins
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| What type of barrier is a structural barrier? | Mucosa
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| What type of barrier sweeps pathogens out to be swallowed? | Ciliated epithelium
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| What type of barrier is an enzyme in saliva and tears that destroy pathogens? | Lysozyme
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| What type of barrier is in the submucosa and subcutaneous tissue? | WBCs
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| Whar are 2 types of defensive cells? | WBCs and Lymphocytes
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| What are found in areolar connective tissue that release chemicals that contribute to inflammation, increases capillary permeability, and causes vasodilation? | Basophils and mast cells
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| What type of cell is a natural killer cell? | Lymphocytes
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| Where are lymphocytes found? | Blood, RBM, spleen, and nodes
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| What do lymphocytes destroy? | Pathogen and tumor cells by releasing chemicals including perforins
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| What are 3 types of chemical defenses? | Interferons, compliment, and inflammation
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| What are the proteins produced by T cells and cells infected with viruses called? | Interferons
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| How do interforns prevent? | Cells infected with viruses from multiplying
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| What are plasma proteins that when activated cause a variety of responses including antigen lysis and labeling, stimulating histamine release, and attracting WBCs? | Compliment
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| What is the general response to damage? | Inflammation
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| What are 4 signs of inflammation? | Swelling, heat, redness, and pain
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| What is adaptive immunity? | Immunity that responds and learns as it responds to situations
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| Adaptive immunity is carried out by? | Lymphocytes and macrophages
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| Majority of lymphocytes are? | T cells and B cells
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| T cells are produced from? | Stem cells in the thymus and bone marrow in the fetus
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| Where do T cells migrate to? | The lymphatic tissue (nodes, spleen, nodules)
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| B cells are produced in? | Bone marrow (adult and fetus)
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| B cells migrate directly to? | Lymphatic issue
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| Some __ cells will divide into plasma cells during an immune response to produce antibodies? | B cells
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| What 2 cells have very specific recognition of pathogens unlike macrophages and will attack any foreign pathogen with which it comes in contact with? | T cells and B cells
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| What happens when a macrophage phagocytizes a pathogen? | It "presents" the pathogens foreig antigens on its surface along with its "self" antigens
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| What cells called helper T cells become sensitized to the specific foreign antigen presented on the macrophage? | T cells
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| What are the 2 mechanisms of adaptive immunity? | Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity
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| Cell-mediated immunity does not result in production of? | Antibodies
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| During cell-mediated immunity, activated helper T cells divide several times to become? | Cytotoxic/Killer T cells
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| Cytotoxic/Killer T cells lyse? | Cell membranes
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| Cytotoxic/Killer T cells produce ______ which attract macrophages and activates them? | Cytokine
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| What type of T cells reactivate with future exposure and start the cell-mediated immune response? | Memory T cells
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| Cell-mediated immunity is AKA? | Cellular immunity
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| Antibody-mediated immunity is AKA? | Humoral immunity
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| Antibody-mediated immunity consists of? | T cells, B cells, and macrophages
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| During which mediated immunity are antibodies produced? | Antibody-mediated
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| B cells divide into? | Memory B cells and Plasma cells
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| What type of cells remember specific antigens and genearate a quick response with subsequent exposure? | Memory B cells
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| What cells produce antibodies to the antigen? | Plasma cells
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| Antibodies are AKA? | Immune globulins, immunoglobulins, gammaglobulins, or lg
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| Antibodies are specific for only one? | Antigen
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| What is opsonization? | "Labeling" foreign antigens by sticking to them which creates antigen-antibody complex
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| Opsonization stimulates? | Complement fixation
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| When certain complement proteins bond to the antigen-antibody complex, it is called? | Complement fixation
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| What are the 2 types of complement fixation? | Complete and partial
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| What complement attaches to the entire complex and to each other and destroys the organism? | Complete
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| What are clumps of complexes that make it easier for phagocytosis called? | Agglutination
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| What complement attaches to the complex but not enough to destroy it? | Partial
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| Partial complement causes _________ (chemically induced movement) of macrophages? | Chemotaxis
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| The first exposure to antibodies causes? | Slow production of few antibodies
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| The second exposure to antibodies causes? | Rapid production
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| What is an allergy | An over reaction to foreign antigens
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| Allergies is an overporduction of IgE and causes? | Tissue damage
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| The 2 types of immunity are? | Genetic and acquired
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| Which type of immunity does not involve the immune system? | Genetic
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| Which type of immunity involves antibodies? | Acquired
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| Acquired immunity consists of 2 types of immunity called? | Active and passive immunity
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| What is passive immunity? | Immunity from another source
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| What type of immunity is temporary, natural or artificial, passed through the placenta and breast milk, and injection of gamma globulins and of preformed antibodies? | Passive immunity
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| Examples of preformed antibodies are? | German measles, hepatitis A and B, tetanus, botulism, and rabies
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| What is active immunity? | Where the individual produces his own antibodies
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| What type of acquired immunity is permanent, natural or artificial? | Active immunity
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