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Ch.14/MED 126
The Lymphatic System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The lymphatic system includes: | Lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymph nodules, spleen, thymus gland |
| What is the fluid in the lymphatic vessels called? | Lymph |
| Lymph begins as filtrate from plasma in the _________ space? | Interstitial |
| Lymph returns excess fluid not returned by _____ in the capillaries? | Osmosis |
| Lymph helps maintain? | BP |
| Lymph vessels carry? | Lymph |
| Lymph vessels begin as blind/dead-end capillaries called? | Lymph capillaries |
| Where are lymph vessels found? | In the interstitial spaces of most tissues |
| What prevents fluid from moving out of the lymph vessels? | Endothelial cells that create flaps |
| What are specialized lymph capillaries in the villi of the small intestine? | Lacteals |
| What do lacteals absorb? | Fat soluble products |
| Lymph in extremities flows via the? | Skeletal muscle pump |
| Valves made of endothelium prevent lymph from flowing? | Down |
| As muscles contract it forces lymph? | Up |
| Lymph elsewhere is pushed toward the heart by? | The vasoconstriction of the lymph vessels |
| What creates pressure during breathing to push lymph from the vessels in the lungs and chest cavity? | Respiratory pump |
| Lymph all flows back to the? | Blood stream |
| Vessels in the lower body unite in front of the lumbar spine to form the? | Cisterna chyli |
| Cisterna chylic becomes the _________ which travels along the spine? | Thoracic duct |
| The thoracic duct unites with vessels of the left upper body and empty into the? | Left subclavian vein |
| Vessels of the right upper body unite to form the ______________ and empty into the right subclavian vein? | Right lymphatic duct |
| What do valves help prevent during lymph flow? | Prevent blood from flowing back into the lymph |
| Lymphatic tissue mainly consists of? | Lymphocytes in a framework of connective tissue |
| What migrates to the lymphatic tissue and become lymphocytes? | WBCs |
| Lymphocytes proliferate in response to? | Infections in all lymphatic tissue |
| What type of cells does the thymus have the produces most of the T lymphocytes? | Stem cells |
| What are masses of lymphatic tissue? | Lymph nodes |
| Lymph nodes are encapsulated in? | Connective tissue |
| Where are lymph nodes found? | Found in groups along lymphatic vessels |
| Afferent vessels flow _______ the node? | Toward |
| Efferent vessels flow _______ the node? | Away |
| As lymph passes through, pathogens are phagocytized by resident/fixed lymphocytes called? | Macrophages |
| Plasma cells develop from ________ exposed to pathogens? | Lymphocytes (B cells) |
| Plasma cells produce? | Antibodies |
| Pathogens more likely to enter the body parts that are drained by which areas? | Cervical, axillary, and inguinal nodes |
| Nodes may swell when fighting? | Infection |
| What are smaller than nodes? | Lymph nodule |
| Are lymph nodules unencapsulated? | Yes |
| Where are lymph nodules found? | Found just beneath all mucosa |
| Lymph nodules in the small intestine are called? | Peyer's Patches |
| Lymph nodules in the pharynx are called? | Tonsils |
| Where is the spleen located? | LUQ just beneath the diaphragm, behind the stomach, covered by the ribs |
| The spleen in the fetus produces? | RBCs |
| What are the functions of the spleen after birth? | Contains plasma cells that produce antibodies; RE cells phagocytize pathogens and old RBC's and form bilirubin; Stores platelets |
| The thymus is inferior to the? | Thyroid gland |
| The thymus produces? | T cells |
| What enables the T cells to recognize foreign antigens and thus provide immunity? | Thymic hormones |
| What is immunity? | The ability to destroy pathogens and foreign material to prevent infection |
| What two things can be recognized as foreign? | Mutated cells and organ transplants |
| What are the chemical markers on cell membranes that identify cells? | Antigens |
| What type of immunity is nonspecific, no memory, and doesn't become more efficient with exposure? | Innate immunity |
| What type of barrier is keratinized epithelium? | Epidermis |
| What type of barrier prevents bacterial growth? | Sebum |
| What type of barrier is antimicrobial made in the live epidermal cells? | Defensins |
| What type of barrier is a structural barrier? | Mucosa |
| What type of barrier sweeps pathogens out to be swallowed? | Ciliated epithelium |
| What type of barrier is an enzyme in saliva and tears that destroy pathogens? | Lysozyme |
| What type of barrier is in the submucosa and subcutaneous tissue? | WBCs |
| Whar are 2 types of defensive cells? | WBCs and Lymphocytes |
| What are found in areolar connective tissue that release chemicals that contribute to inflammation, increases capillary permeability, and causes vasodilation? | Basophils and mast cells |
| What type of cell is a natural killer cell? | Lymphocytes |
| Where are lymphocytes found? | Blood, RBM, spleen, and nodes |
| What do lymphocytes destroy? | Pathogen and tumor cells by releasing chemicals including perforins |
| What are 3 types of chemical defenses? | Interferons, compliment, and inflammation |
| What are the proteins produced by T cells and cells infected with viruses called? | Interferons |
| How do interforns prevent? | Cells infected with viruses from multiplying |
| What are plasma proteins that when activated cause a variety of responses including antigen lysis and labeling, stimulating histamine release, and attracting WBCs? | Compliment |
| What is the general response to damage? | Inflammation |
| What are 4 signs of inflammation? | Swelling, heat, redness, and pain |
| What is adaptive immunity? | Immunity that responds and learns as it responds to situations |
| Adaptive immunity is carried out by? | Lymphocytes and macrophages |
| Majority of lymphocytes are? | T cells and B cells |
| T cells are produced from? | Stem cells in the thymus and bone marrow in the fetus |
| Where do T cells migrate to? | The lymphatic tissue (nodes, spleen, nodules) |
| B cells are produced in? | Bone marrow (adult and fetus) |
| B cells migrate directly to? | Lymphatic issue |
| Some __ cells will divide into plasma cells during an immune response to produce antibodies? | B cells |
| What 2 cells have very specific recognition of pathogens unlike macrophages and will attack any foreign pathogen with which it comes in contact with? | T cells and B cells |
| What happens when a macrophage phagocytizes a pathogen? | It "presents" the pathogens foreig antigens on its surface along with its "self" antigens |
| What cells called helper T cells become sensitized to the specific foreign antigen presented on the macrophage? | T cells |
| What are the 2 mechanisms of adaptive immunity? | Cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity |
| Cell-mediated immunity does not result in production of? | Antibodies |
| During cell-mediated immunity, activated helper T cells divide several times to become? | Cytotoxic/Killer T cells |
| Cytotoxic/Killer T cells lyse? | Cell membranes |
| Cytotoxic/Killer T cells produce ______ which attract macrophages and activates them? | Cytokine |
| What type of T cells reactivate with future exposure and start the cell-mediated immune response? | Memory T cells |
| Cell-mediated immunity is AKA? | Cellular immunity |
| Antibody-mediated immunity is AKA? | Humoral immunity |
| Antibody-mediated immunity consists of? | T cells, B cells, and macrophages |
| During which mediated immunity are antibodies produced? | Antibody-mediated |
| B cells divide into? | Memory B cells and Plasma cells |
| What type of cells remember specific antigens and genearate a quick response with subsequent exposure? | Memory B cells |
| What cells produce antibodies to the antigen? | Plasma cells |
| Antibodies are AKA? | Immune globulins, immunoglobulins, gammaglobulins, or lg |
| Antibodies are specific for only one? | Antigen |
| What is opsonization? | "Labeling" foreign antigens by sticking to them which creates antigen-antibody complex |
| Opsonization stimulates? | Complement fixation |
| When certain complement proteins bond to the antigen-antibody complex, it is called? | Complement fixation |
| What are the 2 types of complement fixation? | Complete and partial |
| What complement attaches to the entire complex and to each other and destroys the organism? | Complete |
| What are clumps of complexes that make it easier for phagocytosis called? | Agglutination |
| What complement attaches to the complex but not enough to destroy it? | Partial |
| Partial complement causes _________ (chemically induced movement) of macrophages? | Chemotaxis |
| The first exposure to antibodies causes? | Slow production of few antibodies |
| The second exposure to antibodies causes? | Rapid production |
| What is an allergy | An over reaction to foreign antigens |
| Allergies is an overporduction of IgE and causes? | Tissue damage |
| The 2 types of immunity are? | Genetic and acquired |
| Which type of immunity does not involve the immune system? | Genetic |
| Which type of immunity involves antibodies? | Acquired |
| Acquired immunity consists of 2 types of immunity called? | Active and passive immunity |
| What is passive immunity? | Immunity from another source |
| What type of immunity is temporary, natural or artificial, passed through the placenta and breast milk, and injection of gamma globulins and of preformed antibodies? | Passive immunity |
| Examples of preformed antibodies are? | German measles, hepatitis A and B, tetanus, botulism, and rabies |
| What is active immunity? | Where the individual produces his own antibodies |
| What type of acquired immunity is permanent, natural or artificial? | Active immunity |
Created by:
laceylake
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