Lymphatic, respiratory & digestive
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| Catabolism | breakdown complex organic molecules into simpler ones
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| Anabolism | synthesis reactions (stores energy, builds, repais things)
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| minerals | inorganic elements
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| vitamins | organic nutrients required in small amounts
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| nutrients | substances the body uses for energy, growth, maintenance & repair of tissues
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| ingestion | taking food or liquids into the mouth
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| mechanical digestion | stomach mixes/churns food
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| chemical digestion | breakdown of foods by enzymes & acid
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| GERD | stomach contents leak backwards into the esophogus
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| rugae | large folds in the mucosa when stomach is empty
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| chyme | semi-fluid mixture of partially digested food
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| appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix
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| hemorrhoids | enlarged rectal veins
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| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, drugs or alcohol
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| peptic ulcers | craterlike lesions that develop in GI tract; can case bleeding
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| cirrhosis | scarred liver
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| gastroenterology | study of the stomach & intestines
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| metabolism | all the chemical reacions of the body
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| gallstones | small pebble-like structures that can block bile ducts
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| IBS | pain & alternating bouts of diarrhea & constipation possibly due to stress
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| Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's) | inflammation of any part of the GI tract
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| residual volume | amount of air that always remains in the lungs
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| vital capacity | total volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume
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| apnea | temporary cessation of breathing
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| dyspnea | difficult breathing
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| surfactant | complex mixture of phospholipids & lipoproteins. Lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid which reduces collapse of alveoli
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| lymphoma | cancer of the lymph nodes
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| anaphylactic shock | life threatening emergency. trouble breath & signs of shock
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| anaphylaxis reaction | may cause inflammation, hives, runny nose or difficulty breathing
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| allergen | substance that causes an allergic reaction
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| hypersensitivity (allergy) | when the immune system overreacts
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| plasma cells | produce antibodies which fight a pathogen
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| memory B cells | produce plasma cells. can become stimulated on their own
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| IgE | fight parasitic infections
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| IgG | first antibody produced during the secondary response. remain in the body
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| antibodies (immunoglobins) | binds & inactivates a foreign invader
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| edema | swelling from too much interstitial fluid accumulates in the tissues
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| antigen | foreign substance that causes an immune response
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| nonspecific resistance | first line of defense
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| specific resistance/immunity | body's defense against a specific pathogen or foreign substance
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| auto-immune disorder | immune system is not working correctly & starts attacking itself
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| external respiration | gas exchange between alveoli (lungs) & blood capillaries
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| inhalation/inspiration | air flows in
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| exhalation/expiration | air flows out
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| respirometer/spirometer | instrument used to measure breathing volumes (amount of air)
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| tonsillectomy | surgical removal of the tonsils
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| lymph | name for interstitial fluid once it enters the lymphatic system
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| internal respiration | gas exchange between blood capillaries & the cells
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| pathogen | disease causing organism
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| phagocytosis | pathogens are engulfed & destroyed by neutrophils & macrophages
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| major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens | helps immune system recognize "self" from "non-self"
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| diaphram | done-shaped skeletal muscle at floor of thoracic cavity; used in breathing
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| fever | elevation of core temp caused by a resetting of the hypothalimic thermostat
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| hypoxia | lack of adequate oxygen at the tissue level
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| pulmonary ventilation | moving air in & out of the lungs
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| pulmonology | study of the lungs
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| asthma | chronic airway inflammation. bronchioles spasm & constrict
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| laryngitis | inflammation of the larynx
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| pleuritis/pleurisy | inflammation of the plural membrane
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| hyperventalation | rapid & deep breathing to get rid of extra carbon dioxide in the blood
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| chronic brochitis | inflammation of the bronchi that results in excessive mucus production. type of COPD
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| emphysema | alveoli get destroyed which reduces the amount of oxygen that can be exchanged by the lungs
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| pneumonia | infection of the aveoli that may be the result of a virus or bacteria
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| tuberculosis | highly contagious bacterial disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis
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| cystic fibrosis | inherited disease that causes excess mucus production in the lungs
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| SIDS | death of an infant less than 12 months old due to hypoxia while sleeping
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| expiratory reserve volume | amount of extra air that can be forceable exhaled
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| inspiratory reserve volume | amount of extra air that can be forceably inhaled
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| tidal volume | amount of air in one normal breath
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| eupnea | normal breathing
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| opportunistic infection | infection that occurs from a weakened immune system
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