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Chapters 22 - 25
Lymphatic, respiratory & digestive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Catabolism | breakdown complex organic molecules into simpler ones |
| Anabolism | synthesis reactions (stores energy, builds, repais things) |
| minerals | inorganic elements |
| vitamins | organic nutrients required in small amounts |
| nutrients | substances the body uses for energy, growth, maintenance & repair of tissues |
| ingestion | taking food or liquids into the mouth |
| mechanical digestion | stomach mixes/churns food |
| chemical digestion | breakdown of foods by enzymes & acid |
| GERD | stomach contents leak backwards into the esophogus |
| rugae | large folds in the mucosa when stomach is empty |
| chyme | semi-fluid mixture of partially digested food |
| appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix |
| hemorrhoids | enlarged rectal veins |
| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver caused by viruses, drugs or alcohol |
| peptic ulcers | craterlike lesions that develop in GI tract; can case bleeding |
| cirrhosis | scarred liver |
| gastroenterology | study of the stomach & intestines |
| metabolism | all the chemical reacions of the body |
| gallstones | small pebble-like structures that can block bile ducts |
| IBS | pain & alternating bouts of diarrhea & constipation possibly due to stress |
| Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's) | inflammation of any part of the GI tract |
| residual volume | amount of air that always remains in the lungs |
| vital capacity | total volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume |
| apnea | temporary cessation of breathing |
| dyspnea | difficult breathing |
| surfactant | complex mixture of phospholipids & lipoproteins. Lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid which reduces collapse of alveoli |
| lymphoma | cancer of the lymph nodes |
| anaphylactic shock | life threatening emergency. trouble breath & signs of shock |
| anaphylaxis reaction | may cause inflammation, hives, runny nose or difficulty breathing |
| allergen | substance that causes an allergic reaction |
| hypersensitivity (allergy) | when the immune system overreacts |
| plasma cells | produce antibodies which fight a pathogen |
| memory B cells | produce plasma cells. can become stimulated on their own |
| IgE | fight parasitic infections |
| IgG | first antibody produced during the secondary response. remain in the body |
| antibodies (immunoglobins) | binds & inactivates a foreign invader |
| edema | swelling from too much interstitial fluid accumulates in the tissues |
| antigen | foreign substance that causes an immune response |
| nonspecific resistance | first line of defense |
| specific resistance/immunity | body's defense against a specific pathogen or foreign substance |
| auto-immune disorder | immune system is not working correctly & starts attacking itself |
| external respiration | gas exchange between alveoli (lungs) & blood capillaries |
| inhalation/inspiration | air flows in |
| exhalation/expiration | air flows out |
| respirometer/spirometer | instrument used to measure breathing volumes (amount of air) |
| tonsillectomy | surgical removal of the tonsils |
| lymph | name for interstitial fluid once it enters the lymphatic system |
| internal respiration | gas exchange between blood capillaries & the cells |
| pathogen | disease causing organism |
| phagocytosis | pathogens are engulfed & destroyed by neutrophils & macrophages |
| major histocompatibility (MHC) antigens | helps immune system recognize "self" from "non-self" |
| diaphram | done-shaped skeletal muscle at floor of thoracic cavity; used in breathing |
| fever | elevation of core temp caused by a resetting of the hypothalimic thermostat |
| hypoxia | lack of adequate oxygen at the tissue level |
| pulmonary ventilation | moving air in & out of the lungs |
| pulmonology | study of the lungs |
| asthma | chronic airway inflammation. bronchioles spasm & constrict |
| laryngitis | inflammation of the larynx |
| pleuritis/pleurisy | inflammation of the plural membrane |
| hyperventalation | rapid & deep breathing to get rid of extra carbon dioxide in the blood |
| chronic brochitis | inflammation of the bronchi that results in excessive mucus production. type of COPD |
| emphysema | alveoli get destroyed which reduces the amount of oxygen that can be exchanged by the lungs |
| pneumonia | infection of the aveoli that may be the result of a virus or bacteria |
| tuberculosis | highly contagious bacterial disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| cystic fibrosis | inherited disease that causes excess mucus production in the lungs |
| SIDS | death of an infant less than 12 months old due to hypoxia while sleeping |
| expiratory reserve volume | amount of extra air that can be forceable exhaled |
| inspiratory reserve volume | amount of extra air that can be forceably inhaled |
| tidal volume | amount of air in one normal breath |
| eupnea | normal breathing |
| opportunistic infection | infection that occurs from a weakened immune system |
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Nettie22389
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