ANTC47
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| 3 levels of study | population, individual, elemental/molecular
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| 5 roles of the musculoskeletal system | support & protect, anchor, lever, production, storage
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| remodeling | process of laying down depositing new bone in certain areas while at the same time resorbing, or removing bone in other areas
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| 4 human variations | skeletal and ental morphology, bone chemistry, and DNA
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| 4 factors leading to skeletal variation | ontogeny, sex, geographic or population based, individual or idiosyncratic
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| typology | the practice of choosing one individual to characterize a whole species, without consideration of the normal range of variation
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| bone composition | collagen (protein), mineral (hydroxyapatite)
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| 4 mechanical forces of the bone | compression, bending, shear, torsion
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| Wolf's Law | bone is deposited where needed and resorbed where it is not
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| biomechanics | study of forces and how they affect morphological and structural change in bone
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| cartilaginous joints | synchondroses
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| fibrocartilage | symphasis
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| fibrous joints | syndesmoses, tibiofibular joint
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| cranial sutures | synostosis
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| compact | cortical, subchondral
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| spongy, cancellous | trabecular
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| periosteum | tough vascularized membrane which provides nutrients
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| endosteum | osteogenic tissue, promote bone growth and contain bone-forming cells
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| 2 histological types of bone | immature, mature
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| immature | woven, embryonic skeleton, rapid, pathologies, more osteocytes and coarsly bundled collagen fibers, non-oriented or random patterns
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| haversian system | secondary osteon
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| concentric haversian lamellae | lacunae
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| haversian canal | Volkmann's Canals
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| osteoblast | osteoid
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| osteocyte | canaliculi
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| osteoclasts | resorption
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| 2 types of ossification | intramembranous, endochondral
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| intramembranous ossification | mesenchyme --> thick membane --> mineralize --> bone
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| endochondral ossification | mesenchyme --> cartilage model --> penetration by blood vessels --> ossification at initial point of penetration (nutrient foramen) --> perichondrium --> appositional ossification along outside surface
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| mesenchyme | embroynic connective tissue
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| perichondrium | fibrous membrane of connective tissue covering the surface of cartilage except at the endings of joints
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| periosteal appositional growth | endosteal resorption
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| growth plates | epiphysial plates
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| lacrimal | ethmoid
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| axial skeleton | appendicular skeleton
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| orthograde | pronograde
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| endocranial | ectocranial
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| superficial | close to the surface; the ribs are superficial to the heart
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| deep | far from the surface; the dentine core of a tooth is deep to the enamel
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| subcutaneous | just below the skin; the anteromedial surface of the tibia is subcutaneous
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| interproximal | in contact w/ adjacent teeth in the same jaw; dental floss
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| incisal | the biting or occlusal edge of the incisors; apple biting
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| mesial | distal
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| lingual | buccal
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| labial | towards the lips; opposite of lingual; usually reserved for incosors and canines; revealed when ppl smiles
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| palmar | plantar
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| flexion | extension
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| abduction | movement of a body part away from the sagittal plane; arm raised to the side from standard anatomical position; spreading the digits
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| adduction | movement of body part toward sagittal plane; closing the digits; heels touching together
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| circumduction | combination of abduction, adduction, flexion and extension; appendage movement in cone-shaped path; waving on
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| opposition | motion in which body parts are brought together; thumb grasp
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| rotation | motion on an axis
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| pronation | rotary motion of the forearm that turns the palm from anteriorly facing (thumb lateral) to posteriorly facing; typing
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| supination | rotary motion of the forarm that turns the palm to thumb lateral position; pan handlers
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| process | a bony prominence; mastoid process
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| eminence | a bony projection, not as prominent as a process
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| spine | longer, thinner, sharper process than an eminence
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| tuberosity | large usually rugose (roughened) eminence of varable shape, often a site of tendon or ligament attachment
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| tubercle | small, sually rugose eminence
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| condyle | rounded articular process
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| epicondyle | nonarticular projection adjacent to a condyle
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| torus | a bony thickening
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| ridge | a linear bony elevation, often roughened
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| crest | a prominent, usually sharp and thin ridge of bone, often formed between adjacent muscle masses
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| line | a raised surface, not as thick as a torus or as sharp as a crest
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| fossa | a depressed area; usually broad and shallow
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| fovea | a pitlike, depressed area; usually smallerthan a fossa
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| groove | a long pit or furrow
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| suture | where adjacent bones of the skull articulate
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| foramen | an opening through a bone
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| meatus | a short canal
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| skull | entire framework of head
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| cranium | skull w/out mandible
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| calvaria | cranium w/out splanchnocranium
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| calotte | calvaria w/out base
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| splanchnocranium | facial skeleton
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| neurocranium | braincase
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| anterior cranial fossae | houses frontal lobes
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| middle cranial fossae | houses temporal lobes
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| posterior cranial fossae | houses cerebellum brain
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| volmar | maxilla, palatine
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| ethmoid | frontal, maxilla, palatine, vomer, iferior nasal concha
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| lacrimal | frontal, maxilla, inferior nasal concha, thmoid
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| nasal | frontal, maxilla, thmoid
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| zygomatic | frontal, temporal, maxilla
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| sphenoid | no articulation with inferior nasal concha, lacrimal, nasal and sometimes maxilla
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| sutures (6) | sagittal, coronal, lambdoidal, squamosal, zygomaticomaxillary, sphenooccipital synchondrosis/basilar suture
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| Frankfurt Horizontal | bottom of the left orbit and top of the external auditory meatus
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| 6 Standard Perspectives | norma verticalis, basilaris, frontalis, occipitalis, lateralis (2)
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| prothion | midline pt at the most anterior pt on the alveolar process of the masillae
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| nasion | midline pt where the two nasal bones and the frontal intersect
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| glabella | most anterior midline point on the frontal bone, usually above the frontonasal suture
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| opisthocranion | an instrumentally determined pt at the rear of the cranium; defined as the midline ectocranial point at the farthest chord length from the glabella
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| opisthion | midline pt at the poserior margin of rhte foramen magnum
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| basion | midline pt on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum
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| frontal (7) | zygomatic process, superciliary arches, supraorbital notch, supraorbital margin, frontal crest, sagittal sulcus, metopic suture
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| parietal (4) (!) | sagittal sulcus, meningeal grooves, arachnoid/granular foveae, transverse/sigmoid sulcus
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| arachnoid foveae | granular foveae
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| transverse sulcus | sigmoid sulcus
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| temporal (6) (!) | mastoid process, zygomatic process, external auditory meatus, squama, petrous pyramid, madibular/flenoid fossa
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| madibular fossa | glenoid fossa
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| occipital (7) | foramen magnum, external occipital protuberance, occipital condyles, inferior and superior nuchal lines, transverse sulcus, sagittal sulcus, occipital crest
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| auditory ossicles (3) | malleus/hammer, incus/anvil, stapes/stirrup
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| malleus | hammer
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| incus | anvil
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| stapes | stirrup
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| maxillae (4) (!) | alveolar process, anterior nasal spine, nasoalveolar clivus, frontal process
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| palitine (!) | posterior nasal spine
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| vomer | divides nasal cavity
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| nasal conchae | articulates w/: maxillae, palatines, ethmoid, lacrimals
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| ethmoid (2) | cribriform plate, crista gala
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| cribriform plate | roofs the nasal cavities; perforated by tiny foramina
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| crista gala | a perpendicular projection of the ethmoid's cribriform plate into the endocranial cavity
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| zygomatic (2) (!) | frontal process, temporal process
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| sphenoid (3) | body, greater wings, sella turcica
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| sella turcica | "turkish saddle"; located endoranially, posterior and inferior to the optic canals, atop the body of the sphenoid, decorated by the 4 clinoid processes
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| mandible (7) | corpus, ramus, mandibular condyles, coronoid process, mental foramen, mental protuberance, mandibular foramen
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| foramina (4) | foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, hypoglossal canals, incisive foramen
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| occlusal | apical
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| ameloblasts | amelogenesis
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| odontoblasts | odontogenesis
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| cementum | a bonelike tissue that covers the external surface of tooth roots
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| apical foramen | the opening at each root apex, or tip, through which nerve fiber and vessels pass from the alveolar region to the pulp cavity
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| CEJ | cervicoenamel junction
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| DEJ | dentinoenamel junction
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| upper cusps | protocone, paracone, hypocone, metacone
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| lower cusps | protoconid, metaconid, hypoconid, entoconid, hypoconulid
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| trigon | trigonid
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| talon | talonid
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| T1 | 1 superior costal facet, 1 inferior demefacet
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| T10 | 2 costal facets, 1 on body 1 on transverse process
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| T11,12 | 1 costal facet on body only
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| lumbar pattern of articular facets | superior (concave posteromedially); inferior (convex anterolateral)
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| sternum (2) | corpus sterni, manubrium
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| corpus sterni (2) | costal notches, sternal foramen
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| manubrium (2) | clavicular notch, jugular notch
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| scapula | scapular spine, acromion process, greater scapular notch, scapular neck, inferior angle, lateraal border, vetebral vorder, glenoid fossa, coracoid process
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| scapular spine | deltoideus
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| acromion process | trapezius
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| clavicle | peectoralis major, deltoideus, trapezius, sternal end, acromion end
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| true/sternal ribs | 1-7
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| false/asternal ribs | 8-10
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| floating ribs | 11-12
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| longest rib | 7
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| costal grooves | inferior edge, most prominant in 5-7
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| rib | head, neck, tubercle
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| unfaceted rib heads | 1, 10-12
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