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HumanOsteology#61032
ANTC47
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 levels of study | population, individual, elemental/molecular |
| 5 roles of the musculoskeletal system | support & protect, anchor, lever, production, storage |
| remodeling | process of laying down depositing new bone in certain areas while at the same time resorbing, or removing bone in other areas |
| 4 human variations | skeletal and ental morphology, bone chemistry, and DNA |
| 4 factors leading to skeletal variation | ontogeny, sex, geographic or population based, individual or idiosyncratic |
| typology | the practice of choosing one individual to characterize a whole species, without consideration of the normal range of variation |
| bone composition | collagen (protein), mineral (hydroxyapatite) |
| 4 mechanical forces of the bone | compression, bending, shear, torsion |
| Wolf's Law | bone is deposited where needed and resorbed where it is not |
| biomechanics | study of forces and how they affect morphological and structural change in bone |
| cartilaginous joints | synchondroses |
| fibrocartilage | symphasis |
| fibrous joints | syndesmoses, tibiofibular joint |
| cranial sutures | synostosis |
| compact | cortical, subchondral |
| spongy, cancellous | trabecular |
| periosteum | tough vascularized membrane which provides nutrients |
| endosteum | osteogenic tissue, promote bone growth and contain bone-forming cells |
| 2 histological types of bone | immature, mature |
| immature | woven, embryonic skeleton, rapid, pathologies, more osteocytes and coarsly bundled collagen fibers, non-oriented or random patterns |
| haversian system | secondary osteon |
| concentric haversian lamellae | lacunae |
| haversian canal | Volkmann's Canals |
| osteoblast | osteoid |
| osteocyte | canaliculi |
| osteoclasts | resorption |
| 2 types of ossification | intramembranous, endochondral |
| intramembranous ossification | mesenchyme --> thick membane --> mineralize --> bone |
| endochondral ossification | mesenchyme --> cartilage model --> penetration by blood vessels --> ossification at initial point of penetration (nutrient foramen) --> perichondrium --> appositional ossification along outside surface |
| mesenchyme | embroynic connective tissue |
| perichondrium | fibrous membrane of connective tissue covering the surface of cartilage except at the endings of joints |
| periosteal appositional growth | endosteal resorption |
| growth plates | epiphysial plates |
| lacrimal | ethmoid |
| axial skeleton | appendicular skeleton |
| orthograde | pronograde |
| endocranial | ectocranial |
| superficial | close to the surface; the ribs are superficial to the heart |
| deep | far from the surface; the dentine core of a tooth is deep to the enamel |
| subcutaneous | just below the skin; the anteromedial surface of the tibia is subcutaneous |
| interproximal | in contact w/ adjacent teeth in the same jaw; dental floss |
| incisal | the biting or occlusal edge of the incisors; apple biting |
| mesial | distal |
| lingual | buccal |
| labial | towards the lips; opposite of lingual; usually reserved for incosors and canines; revealed when ppl smiles |
| palmar | plantar |
| flexion | extension |
| abduction | movement of a body part away from the sagittal plane; arm raised to the side from standard anatomical position; spreading the digits |
| adduction | movement of body part toward sagittal plane; closing the digits; heels touching together |
| circumduction | combination of abduction, adduction, flexion and extension; appendage movement in cone-shaped path; waving on |
| opposition | motion in which body parts are brought together; thumb grasp |
| rotation | motion on an axis |
| pronation | rotary motion of the forearm that turns the palm from anteriorly facing (thumb lateral) to posteriorly facing; typing |
| supination | rotary motion of the forarm that turns the palm to thumb lateral position; pan handlers |
| process | a bony prominence; mastoid process |
| eminence | a bony projection, not as prominent as a process |
| spine | longer, thinner, sharper process than an eminence |
| tuberosity | large usually rugose (roughened) eminence of varable shape, often a site of tendon or ligament attachment |
| tubercle | small, sually rugose eminence |
| condyle | rounded articular process |
| epicondyle | nonarticular projection adjacent to a condyle |
| torus | a bony thickening |
| ridge | a linear bony elevation, often roughened |
| crest | a prominent, usually sharp and thin ridge of bone, often formed between adjacent muscle masses |
| line | a raised surface, not as thick as a torus or as sharp as a crest |
| fossa | a depressed area; usually broad and shallow |
| fovea | a pitlike, depressed area; usually smallerthan a fossa |
| groove | a long pit or furrow |
| suture | where adjacent bones of the skull articulate |
| foramen | an opening through a bone |
| meatus | a short canal |
| skull | entire framework of head |
| cranium | skull w/out mandible |
| calvaria | cranium w/out splanchnocranium |
| calotte | calvaria w/out base |
| splanchnocranium | facial skeleton |
| neurocranium | braincase |
| anterior cranial fossae | houses frontal lobes |
| middle cranial fossae | houses temporal lobes |
| posterior cranial fossae | houses cerebellum brain |
| volmar | maxilla, palatine |
| ethmoid | frontal, maxilla, palatine, vomer, iferior nasal concha |
| lacrimal | frontal, maxilla, inferior nasal concha, thmoid |
| nasal | frontal, maxilla, thmoid |
| zygomatic | frontal, temporal, maxilla |
| sphenoid | no articulation with inferior nasal concha, lacrimal, nasal and sometimes maxilla |
| sutures (6) | sagittal, coronal, lambdoidal, squamosal, zygomaticomaxillary, sphenooccipital synchondrosis/basilar suture |
| Frankfurt Horizontal | bottom of the left orbit and top of the external auditory meatus |
| 6 Standard Perspectives | norma verticalis, basilaris, frontalis, occipitalis, lateralis (2) |
| prothion | midline pt at the most anterior pt on the alveolar process of the masillae |
| nasion | midline pt where the two nasal bones and the frontal intersect |
| glabella | most anterior midline point on the frontal bone, usually above the frontonasal suture |
| opisthocranion | an instrumentally determined pt at the rear of the cranium; defined as the midline ectocranial point at the farthest chord length from the glabella |
| opisthion | midline pt at the poserior margin of rhte foramen magnum |
| basion | midline pt on the anterior margin of the foramen magnum |
| frontal (7) | zygomatic process, superciliary arches, supraorbital notch, supraorbital margin, frontal crest, sagittal sulcus, metopic suture |
| parietal (4) (!) | sagittal sulcus, meningeal grooves, arachnoid/granular foveae, transverse/sigmoid sulcus |
| arachnoid foveae | granular foveae |
| transverse sulcus | sigmoid sulcus |
| temporal (6) (!) | mastoid process, zygomatic process, external auditory meatus, squama, petrous pyramid, madibular/flenoid fossa |
| madibular fossa | glenoid fossa |
| occipital (7) | foramen magnum, external occipital protuberance, occipital condyles, inferior and superior nuchal lines, transverse sulcus, sagittal sulcus, occipital crest |
| auditory ossicles (3) | malleus/hammer, incus/anvil, stapes/stirrup |
| malleus | hammer |
| incus | anvil |
| stapes | stirrup |
| maxillae (4) (!) | alveolar process, anterior nasal spine, nasoalveolar clivus, frontal process |
| palitine (!) | posterior nasal spine |
| vomer | divides nasal cavity |
| nasal conchae | articulates w/: maxillae, palatines, ethmoid, lacrimals |
| ethmoid (2) | cribriform plate, crista gala |
| cribriform plate | roofs the nasal cavities; perforated by tiny foramina |
| crista gala | a perpendicular projection of the ethmoid's cribriform plate into the endocranial cavity |
| zygomatic (2) (!) | frontal process, temporal process |
| sphenoid (3) | body, greater wings, sella turcica |
| sella turcica | "turkish saddle"; located endoranially, posterior and inferior to the optic canals, atop the body of the sphenoid, decorated by the 4 clinoid processes |
| mandible (7) | corpus, ramus, mandibular condyles, coronoid process, mental foramen, mental protuberance, mandibular foramen |
| foramina (4) | foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, hypoglossal canals, incisive foramen |
| occlusal | apical |
| ameloblasts | amelogenesis |
| odontoblasts | odontogenesis |
| cementum | a bonelike tissue that covers the external surface of tooth roots |
| apical foramen | the opening at each root apex, or tip, through which nerve fiber and vessels pass from the alveolar region to the pulp cavity |
| CEJ | cervicoenamel junction |
| DEJ | dentinoenamel junction |
| upper cusps | protocone, paracone, hypocone, metacone |
| lower cusps | protoconid, metaconid, hypoconid, entoconid, hypoconulid |
| trigon | trigonid |
| talon | talonid |
| T1 | 1 superior costal facet, 1 inferior demefacet |
| T10 | 2 costal facets, 1 on body 1 on transverse process |
| T11,12 | 1 costal facet on body only |
| lumbar pattern of articular facets | superior (concave posteromedially); inferior (convex anterolateral) |
| sternum (2) | corpus sterni, manubrium |
| corpus sterni (2) | costal notches, sternal foramen |
| manubrium (2) | clavicular notch, jugular notch |
| scapula | scapular spine, acromion process, greater scapular notch, scapular neck, inferior angle, lateraal border, vetebral vorder, glenoid fossa, coracoid process |
| scapular spine | deltoideus |
| acromion process | trapezius |
| clavicle | peectoralis major, deltoideus, trapezius, sternal end, acromion end |
| true/sternal ribs | 1-7 |
| false/asternal ribs | 8-10 |
| floating ribs | 11-12 |
| longest rib | 7 |
| costal grooves | inferior edge, most prominant in 5-7 |
| rib | head, neck, tubercle |
| unfaceted rib heads | 1, 10-12 |
Created by:
jucy416
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