Praxis II PLT study info
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| Piaget | show 🗑
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| Piaget 2 | show 🗑
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| show | the instructor should try to encourage ss to construct hypotheses, make decisions, and discover principles by themselves; ss build on what they have already learned; spiral curriculum- teaches big ideas first, details over time later on
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| show | learning is active, should be fun, schooling is unnecessarily long & restrictive; ss should have real, guided experiences; should be involved in real-life tasks & challenges
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| Bandura | show 🗑
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| show | sociocultural theory= emphasize role in development of cooperative dialogues b/c children & more knowledgeable members of society. children learn the culture of their community through these interactions
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| show | multiple intelligences- have a biological & cultural basis; logical/mathematical, linguistic, spatial/visual, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal (others), intrapersonal (self)
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| Maslow | show 🗑
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| show | behaviorism; behavior is sandwiched b/w two sets of environmental influences: those that precede it (its antecedents) & those that follow it (its consequences)
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| constructivism/constructivist approach | show 🗑
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| Metacognition | show 🗑
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| show | readiness to learn involves a level of development at which the child has the capacity to learn specific materials
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| show | basic structure for organizing info; concepts
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| transfer | show 🗑
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| show | support for the learner and problem solving- helping them reach their ZPD
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| Zone of Proximal Development | show 🗑
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| intrinsic motivation | show 🗑
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| show | motivation created by external factors such as rewards & punishments
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| Erickson | show 🗑
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| show | characteristic approaches to learning & studying;
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| Kohlberg | show 🗑
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| Gilligan | show 🗑
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| visual impairment & challenges | show 🗑
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| show | ss w/significant physical disabilities, health impariments, & TIB gen. qualify 4 special ed. services under 3 IDEA categories- orthopedic impairment, other health impariment, & tbi; intervention- use others as resources,flexible in planning,be creative
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| mental retardation | show 🗑
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| behavioral or emotional disorders | show 🗑
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| Developmental disabilities | show 🗑
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| show | prohibits discrimination against ppl w/disabilities; protects equal opportunity to employment & public services, accommodations, transportation, & telecommunications
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| show | purpose is to provide an appropriate ed. that meets specialized needs of each ss w/disabilities; developed & implemented by the multidisciplinary team
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| IEP includes | show 🗑
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| More on IEP includes | show 🗑
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| Inclusion | show 🗑
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| show | refers to the participation of ss w/disabilities in gen. ed classrooms to the extent that is appropriate to mee their needs
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| show | defines handicapped person; defines appropriate education; prohibits discrimination against ss w/disabilities in federally funded programs
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| show | not only esures tht everyone w/a stake in the ss ed success has a voice, but also addresses written notification to parents for referral & testing for special ed
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| show | the expectation, based on previous experiences w/a lack of control, tht all one's efforts will lead to failure
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| show | a person's sense of being able to deal effectively w/a particular task; beliefs about personal competence in a particular situation
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| operant conditioning | show 🗑
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| show | use of consequences to strengthen behavior
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| show | strengthening behavior by presenting a desired stimulus after the behavior
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| show | strengthening behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when the behavior occurs
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| show | small components that make up a complex behavior
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| extinction | show 🗑
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| show | process that weakens or suppresses behavior
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| continuous reinforcement | show 🗑
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| intermittent reinforcement schedule | show 🗑
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| show | evaluating conclusions by logically & systematically examining the problem, the evidence,& the solution
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| problem solving | show 🗑
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| social development: | show 🗑
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| show | situations where elaboration, interpretation & argumentation are integral to the activity of the group & where learning is supported by others
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| direct instruction/explicit teaching | show 🗑
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| show | a drawing that charts the relationship among ideas
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| show | approach in which the teacher presents a puzzling situation & ss solve the problem by gathering data & testing their conclusions
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| Madeline Hunter's effective teaching model | show 🗑
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| show | a method of briding & linking old info w/new; info that is presented prior to learning & can be used by the learner to organize & interpret new incoming info
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| show | proposes that all ss can learn when provided w/the appropriate learning conditions in the classroom
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| mnemonics | show 🗑
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| standardized tests | show 🗑
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| norm-referenced | show 🗑
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| show | testing in which scores are compared to a set performance standard
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| show | standardized test measuring how much ss have learned in a given content area
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| show | tests meant to predict future performance
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| assessment of prior knowledge | show 🗑
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| show | a systematic collection of a ss work over a lengthy period of time
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| self-evaluation | show 🗑
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| performance assessment | show 🗑
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| validity | show 🗑
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| reliability | show 🗑
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| show | a score that indicates how a ss performance on an assessment compares w/the average performance of other ss
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| show | a test score that specifically indicates what ss know & can do
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| mean | show 🗑
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| show | middle score in a group of scores
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| show | most frequently occuring score
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| analytical scoring | show 🗑
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| holistic scoring | show 🗑
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| show | a list of components that performance on an assessment task should ideally include; used to guide the scoring of ss responses
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| percentile rank | show 🗑
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| show | a standard score w/a mean of 5 & a standard deviation of 2; it is always reported as a whole number
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| show | a test score based solely on the number or point value of correctly answered items
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| show | measure of grade level based on comparison with norming samples for each grade
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| standard deviation | show 🗑
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| standard error of measurement | show 🗑
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| formative assessment | show 🗑
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| show | done at the end of a project or period of time; it determines the effectiveness of a unit, program, grade level, etc.
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| diagnostic assessment | show 🗑
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| Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142B) | show 🗑
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| show | Prohibits discrimination against ppl w/disabilities in the private sector; protects equal opportunity to employment & public services, accommodations, transportation, & telecommunications
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| show | allows districts to use RTI model for determining whether a child as a specific learning disability & no longer requires that a child have a severe discrepancy b/w achievement & intellectual ability to qualify
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| LRE- Least Restrictive Environment | show 🗑
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