IV Therapy - WK2
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| APIC | Association of Practitioners in Infection Control and Epidemiology - 0 tolerance for infections and adverse affects
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| CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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| CMS | Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services
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| INS | Infusion Nurses Society – policies and procedures
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| TJC | The Joint Commission – oversee the healthcare facilities
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| OSHA | U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration – law enforcement agency to protect all emp from harm
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| Primary Immune System Organs | Thymus and Bone Marrow
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| Secondary Immune System Organs | Lymph nodes, spleen, liver, Peyer's Patches, appendix, tonsils and adenoids, lungs
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| Thymus | located in the medial stinal cavity; immune function afterbirth and early in life; t-cells developed here
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| Bone Marrow | produces stem cells (precursor to more advanced leukocytes and lymphocytes) done in the sternum, long bones, rib
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| Lymph nodes | inner connected system of vessels; b cells, t cells and macrophages are stored; chained pathway of lymph drainage which filters and drains cellular waste
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| Spleen | left upper quad - under diaphram, stores red cells, leukocytes, lymphocytes and platelets; forms blood cells; filters out antigens;
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| Liver | contains kupffer cells, filter for antigens
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| Peyer's Patches | small patches of lymphoid tissue; walls of sm. Intest.; contain b cells and t cells
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| Appendix | located where large and sm intestines meet; b cells and t cells as well as good bacteria
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| Tonsils and adenoids | contain lymphoid tissue; store b and t cells
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| Lungs | respiratory tree; filter out antigenic material and cellular debris; protects lungs from stuff breathed in
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| Nonspecific immune responses | present at birth; function without prior exposure to an antigen
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| Specific immune responses | Acquired; Functions when there has been prior exposure to antigens; Shot or vaccine
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| Physical 1st line mechanisms | Skin, mucous membranes, respiratory tract cillia
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| mucous membranes | traps pathogens or antigens ; nose, throat and bronchial
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| respiratory tract cilia | traps any debris and prevents them from passing into lungs
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| Chemical first line mechanisms | tears, gastric acidity, vaginal secretions
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| tears | contains sodium and lipid fat
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| gastric acidity | high acid content targets specific bacteria, but allow good bacteria to continue to function
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| vaginal secretions | highly acidic; prevent growth in an area which would be suceptable to bac growth
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| Mechanical first line mechanism | lacrimation, instestinal peristalsis, urinary flow, coughing and sneezing,
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| Lacrimation | releasing tears; flush eyes of antigens; crying
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| Intestinal peristalsis | moves stuff in GI; expell foreign organisms
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| Urinary flow | similar to peristalsis
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| Coughing and sneezing | expel antigens from body
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| Phagocytosis | white blood cells engulf and destroy a pathogen directly (pac-man)
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| Complement cascade | blood proteins called compliment triggers; attack an antigen cell membrane; cell mem. Ruptures causing basophils to release histamine; histamine causes inflam. And coughing & sneezing; damaged cell releases more chemicals and causes a secondary infection
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| Inflammation and fever | when body recognizes it has a foreign invader- increases fever so it can't survive
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| Tertiary mechanisms | Specific immunity, Passive acquired immunity, Active immunity
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| Specific immunity | exposure to specific antigen
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| Passive acquired immunity | occurs when immune cells by gama globulin infusions
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| Active Immunity | occurs when a direct contact w/ the disease
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| Lymphocytes | Bcells and Tcells; recognizes antigens; find foreign invader; neutralizes or tries to stop antigen long enough to be phagosized (engulfed and eaten)
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| Impaired Host | Individuals with major defects related to specific immune responses – every part of immune system doesn't work (late-stage cancer pt on chemo; aids pt)
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| Primary | congenital or inherited; missing immunoglobulin (5 immunoglobulins) @ birth
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| Secondary | caused from a disease or tx that caused it.
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| Four major factors of immune dysfunction | Infections occur frequently Infections are more severe than usual Unusual infecting agents or infections with opportunistic organisms occur Incomplete response to treatment
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| Epidemiology | study of epidemics
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| Epidemics | occurences widespread r/t health and diseases of people
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| Colonization | when microorganism attacks host; grows and multiplies; no S
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| Short term transient carrier | carries disease and not affected by it
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| Intermediate carrier | only carrier while disease is growing
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| Dissemination | shedding of organism into immediate environ. from a carrier or from 1 part of body to another; how diseases can spread
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| Chain of Infection | 1. Causative Agent (microorganism) 2. Reservoir (source) 3. Portal of exit from reservoir 4. Method of transmission 5. Portal of entry to host 6. Suseptible host 4.
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| Local infection | affects 1 part of body
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| Systemic infection | spreads throughout body; becomes septic
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| Endogenous | Produce your own infection (within)
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| Exogenous | infection comes from outside source
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| Stages of infection | 1. Incubation (immed after invasion/ before symptoms) 2. Prodromal (vague symptoms) 3. Illness (specific S&S; ineffective tx may cause death) 4. Decline (microorganisms numbers are declining d/t successful tx) 5. Convulescent (Repair and return
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| Health Care Associated Infections (HAIs) | infections that patients acquire during the course of receiving treatment for other conditions or that health-care workers acquire while performing their duties within a health-care setting
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| Factors Affecting HAIs | 1. more complicated patients with co-morbidities 2. Increasing number of patients who are immunocompromised 3. devices and procedures used for longer duration 4. short staffing 5. Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens 6. Emerging infectious disease
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| Bloodstream infections (BSIs) | least frequently recognized hospital infect. 250,000 cases of central line associated bloodstream infections (CR-BSIs) annually
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| Sources of Contaminated Catheters | Skin flora Contamination of catheter hub Contamination of infusate Hematogenous colonization
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| Extrinsic contamination | During preparation (ungloved; bad hand hygeine; not using aseptic technique)
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| Intrinsic contamination | During manufacturing – not sterile; can cause an epidemic
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| What to do if Infusion-Related Infection Suspected | Obtain culture from suspected source of infection; Always clean golves & good hand hygeine
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| Infusion related sources of infection | Catheter-skin junction Peripheral infusion catheter Administration set Infusate Patient’s blood
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| catheter-skin junction culturing techniques | if suspected is skin, don't cleanse the skin before culture
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| infusate culturing technique | sterile needle, remove 5 mL fluid and put in sterile culture tube
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| blood culture technique | at least 20 mL to Lab; do not discard 1st draw of blood
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| Strategies to Prevent Infection | Follow CDC Standard Precautions Guidelines; hand hygiene; appropriate skin antisepsis prior to procedures; catheter-site dressing regimens; catheter securement devices; antimicrobial/antiseptic-impregnated catheters and cuffs; tissue-interface barriers; I
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| tissue-interface barriers | secures central line from inside out; silver ions and collogen cuff – grows onto skin from inside
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| Biological Occupational Risks | Bloodborne pathogen exposure (HBV, HIV, HCV – all incurable and caught from pts)
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| Physical Occupational Risks | Chemical exposure (Hazardous drugs – ability to cause chromosome breakage in lymphocytes and mutigenic activity and skin necrosis -chemo, radiation (anti-neoplastics) are 2 examples Must have a msds if hazardous drugs are on unit) and Latex exposure
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| Isolation precautions | Contact, Droplet, Airborne
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| Contact precautions | techniques used in addition standard precautions that decrease infections by microorganisms transmitted thru direct contact with pt or pt care items
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| Droplet precautions | Infection d/t inhalation of respiratory pathogens suspended on liquid particles exhaled from someone already infected.
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| Airborne precautions | Techniques used to decrease infection by microorganisms by air.
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| Aerobic | occuring in the presence of oxygen
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| Anaerobic | occuring in the absence of oxygen
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| Antibodies | substance produced by B lymphocytes in response to a unique antigen. Neutralizes or destroys antigen.
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| Hematogenous | produed by or deried from blood; disseminated through bloodstream or by the circulation
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| Host | organism from which a microorganism obtains its nourishment
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| Immunosuppression | Interference w/ the dev. of immunologic responses; may be artificially induced by chemical, biologic, or physical agts or may be caused by disease
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| Leukopenia | any condition in which the number of leukocytes in the circulating blood is lower than normal.
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| Pathogenicity | the state of producing or being able to produce pathological changes and disease
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| Phlebitis | Inflammation of a vein
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| Reservoir | living or nonliving material in or on which an infectious agt multiplies, develops and is dependent of for its survival in nature
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| resident flora | microorganisms that are indigenous to each individual and are present mainly on the skin and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive systems
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| Septicemia | presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood or other tissues
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| Transient flora | microorganisms that are picked up, usually on skin, that can be removed fairly easily w/ hand hygiene
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| vector-borne transmission | a carrier, usually an insect or other animal, that transmits the causative organisms of disease from infected to noninfected individuals
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| vehicle-borne transmission | any substance that serves as an intermediate means to transport and introduce an infectious agt into a suseptible host thru a suitable portal of entry
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| Virulence | relative power and degree of pathogenicity posessed by organisms to produce disease
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Created by:
MarieG
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