CHAPTER 13 CARDIOVASULAR SYSTEM
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| cardiovascular system includes | heart,arteries,veins,capillaries
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| pericardium | encloses heart & proximal ends of large blood vessels thats its attached
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| layers of cardiac wall | epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
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| epicardium | outer protection from friction
connective tissue beneath epithelium
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| myocardium | thick middle layer, cardiac muscle tissue pumps blood out of heart chambers
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| endocardium | inner layer, epithelium & connective tissue contain many elastic & collagenous fibers
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| blood flows through vena cavae & coronary sinus into right atrium through _, to right ventricle through pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk into right & left _ to lungs, through pulmonary veins into _ through mitral valve to _ & through _ to aorta. | tricuspid valve
alveoli
left atrium
left ventricle
aortic valve
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| vessels through blood flow from aorta to myocardium & back to right atrium | coronary arteries
cardiac veins
coronary sinus
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| cardiac cycle | all events that take place in 1 complete heart beat
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| S-A node | atrial syncytium
junctional fibers
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| A-V node | A-V bundle
bundle branches
purkinje fibers
ventricular sncytium
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| normal ECG pattern | PQRST
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| P wave | depolarization of atria
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| QRS wave | depolarization of ventricles
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| T wave | repolarization of ventricles
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| nervous system regulates cardiac cycle | parasymphatethic & sympathetic nerve fibers control S-A node
auntonomic NS
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| artery | strong, elastic vessels adapted carrying blood away from heart under high pressure
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| arterioles | vessels subdivide progressive thinner tubes, eventually finer branched
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| artery>arterioles | artery branches into arterioles
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| control of vasoconstriction | impulses on vasomotor fibers stimulate smooth muscles to contract, reducing diameter of vessel
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| control of vasodilation | vasomotor impulses inhibited, muscle fibers relax, diameter of vessel increases
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| structure of capillary | smallest diameter blood vessels, connecting smallest arterioles & venules
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| capillary physiology | substances in blood are excahnged for substances in tissue fluid surrounding body cells
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| diffusion between blood and tissue | depends on concentration gradient, filtration forces molecules through w/ hydrostatic pressure
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| why H2O & dissolved substances leave arteriolar end of capillary & enter venular end | colloid osmotic pressure unchanged, blood pressure decreased, reabsorption predominates
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| vein | merged from a venule, carries blood back to atria, follows path of arteries
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| venule | microscopic vessels continued from capillaries
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| arterial blood pressure reaches its maximum when the ventricles contract | systolic pressure
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| factors that influence blood pressure | blood volume
strength of hear contractions
heart rate
blood viscosity
peripheral resistance
venous blood flow
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| blood volume | larger volume= more pressure, hemorrhage causes pressure to drop rapidly
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| strength of heart contractions | stronger heart beat increases blood pressure
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| heart rate | too fast= left ventricle wont have time to fill & will squeeze out much less blood to aorta
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| blood viscosity | thicker blood= more pressure
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| peripheral resistance | larger lumen of vessel= faster flow
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| venous blood flow | contracting skeletal muscles
little pressure
breathing movements
vasoconstriction
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| sympathetic reflexes in smooth muscle of vessels | vasoconstriction
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| major factors that promote flow of venous blood | skeletal muscle contraction
breathing
arterial blood pressure
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| pulmonary system | 12% total blood
right heart>lungs>left heart
O2 poor blood from heart>lungs
O2 rich blood back to heart
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| systematic system | left heart>body>right heart
O2 rich blood to body cells
O2 poor blood back to heart
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| aorta | largest diameter artery in body
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| aorta principal branches | coronary
brachiocephalic
left common carotid
left subclavian arteries
descending aorta
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| descending aorta | thoracic & abdominal group
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| simple squamous | 1 layer, square epithelial tissue
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| smooth muscle | non striated, autonomic NS
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| cardiac muscle | striated, heart
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| arteries | blood vessel from heart to rest body
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| veins | vessel from body to the heart
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| capillaries | tiny blood vessel, beginning of vein
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| pulmonary | lungs
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| systemic | body system
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| tunica | tissue forming layer/covering of organ/part
tissue layers of blood vessel wall
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| pulse | throbbing of arteries, by successive contractions of heart
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| blood pressure | pressure by blood inner walls of arteries, elasticity/diameter of vessels and force of heartbeat
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| card- | heart
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| cusps | points
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| phleb- | vein
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| cardiovascular system physiology | pumps blood
closed system
1 RBC completes pathway every minute
maintain homeostasis of body fluids
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| structure of heart | coverings
wall
chambers/valves
tissue
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| size of heart | 5.5"x3.5"
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| listen to heartbeat | between 5&6th ribs inferior to midpoint of left clavicle
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| heart location | between lungs in lower portion of mediastinum
apex lies on diaphragm pointing left
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| heart coverings | pericardium
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| pericardial sac | pericardium
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| heart wall | epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
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| heart chamber & valves | atria
ventricles
intervenricular septum
tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve
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| atria | receiving
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| discharging | ventricles
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| separates 2 halves | interventricular septum
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| mitral | bicuspid
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| heart tissue | intercalated discks contain gap junctions
desmosomes
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| gap junctions | free movement of ions between cells
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| desmosomes | joins cells together
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