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HHP 4-10-11
CHAPTER 13 CARDIOVASULAR SYSTEM
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cardiovascular system includes | heart,arteries,veins,capillaries |
| pericardium | encloses heart & proximal ends of large blood vessels thats its attached |
| layers of cardiac wall | epicardium myocardium endocardium |
| epicardium | outer protection from friction connective tissue beneath epithelium |
| myocardium | thick middle layer, cardiac muscle tissue pumps blood out of heart chambers |
| endocardium | inner layer, epithelium & connective tissue contain many elastic & collagenous fibers |
| blood flows through vena cavae & coronary sinus into right atrium through _, to right ventricle through pulmonary valve to pulmonary trunk into right & left _ to lungs, through pulmonary veins into _ through mitral valve to _ & through _ to aorta. | tricuspid valve alveoli left atrium left ventricle aortic valve |
| vessels through blood flow from aorta to myocardium & back to right atrium | coronary arteries cardiac veins coronary sinus |
| cardiac cycle | all events that take place in 1 complete heart beat |
| S-A node | atrial syncytium junctional fibers |
| A-V node | A-V bundle bundle branches purkinje fibers ventricular sncytium |
| normal ECG pattern | PQRST |
| P wave | depolarization of atria |
| QRS wave | depolarization of ventricles |
| T wave | repolarization of ventricles |
| nervous system regulates cardiac cycle | parasymphatethic & sympathetic nerve fibers control S-A node auntonomic NS |
| artery | strong, elastic vessels adapted carrying blood away from heart under high pressure |
| arterioles | vessels subdivide progressive thinner tubes, eventually finer branched |
| artery>arterioles | artery branches into arterioles |
| control of vasoconstriction | impulses on vasomotor fibers stimulate smooth muscles to contract, reducing diameter of vessel |
| control of vasodilation | vasomotor impulses inhibited, muscle fibers relax, diameter of vessel increases |
| structure of capillary | smallest diameter blood vessels, connecting smallest arterioles & venules |
| capillary physiology | substances in blood are excahnged for substances in tissue fluid surrounding body cells |
| diffusion between blood and tissue | depends on concentration gradient, filtration forces molecules through w/ hydrostatic pressure |
| why H2O & dissolved substances leave arteriolar end of capillary & enter venular end | colloid osmotic pressure unchanged, blood pressure decreased, reabsorption predominates |
| vein | merged from a venule, carries blood back to atria, follows path of arteries |
| venule | microscopic vessels continued from capillaries |
| arterial blood pressure reaches its maximum when the ventricles contract | systolic pressure |
| factors that influence blood pressure | blood volume strength of hear contractions heart rate blood viscosity peripheral resistance venous blood flow |
| blood volume | larger volume= more pressure, hemorrhage causes pressure to drop rapidly |
| strength of heart contractions | stronger heart beat increases blood pressure |
| heart rate | too fast= left ventricle wont have time to fill & will squeeze out much less blood to aorta |
| blood viscosity | thicker blood= more pressure |
| peripheral resistance | larger lumen of vessel= faster flow |
| venous blood flow | contracting skeletal muscles little pressure breathing movements vasoconstriction |
| sympathetic reflexes in smooth muscle of vessels | vasoconstriction |
| major factors that promote flow of venous blood | skeletal muscle contraction breathing arterial blood pressure |
| pulmonary system | 12% total blood right heart>lungs>left heart O2 poor blood from heart>lungs O2 rich blood back to heart |
| systematic system | left heart>body>right heart O2 rich blood to body cells O2 poor blood back to heart |
| aorta | largest diameter artery in body |
| aorta principal branches | coronary brachiocephalic left common carotid left subclavian arteries descending aorta |
| descending aorta | thoracic & abdominal group |
| simple squamous | 1 layer, square epithelial tissue |
| smooth muscle | non striated, autonomic NS |
| cardiac muscle | striated, heart |
| arteries | blood vessel from heart to rest body |
| veins | vessel from body to the heart |
| capillaries | tiny blood vessel, beginning of vein |
| pulmonary | lungs |
| systemic | body system |
| tunica | tissue forming layer/covering of organ/part tissue layers of blood vessel wall |
| pulse | throbbing of arteries, by successive contractions of heart |
| blood pressure | pressure by blood inner walls of arteries, elasticity/diameter of vessels and force of heartbeat |
| card- | heart |
| cusps | points |
| phleb- | vein |
| cardiovascular system physiology | pumps blood closed system 1 RBC completes pathway every minute maintain homeostasis of body fluids |
| structure of heart | coverings wall chambers/valves tissue |
| size of heart | 5.5"x3.5" |
| listen to heartbeat | between 5&6th ribs inferior to midpoint of left clavicle |
| heart location | between lungs in lower portion of mediastinum apex lies on diaphragm pointing left |
| heart coverings | pericardium |
| pericardial sac | pericardium |
| heart wall | epicardium myocardium endocardium |
| heart chamber & valves | atria ventricles intervenricular septum tricuspid valve bicuspid valve pulmonary semilunar valve aortic semilunar valve |
| atria | receiving |
| discharging | ventricles |
| separates 2 halves | interventricular septum |
| mitral | bicuspid |
| heart tissue | intercalated discks contain gap junctions desmosomes |
| gap junctions | free movement of ions between cells |
| desmosomes | joins cells together |
Created by:
virg
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