The Vascular System
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| The vascular system consists of? | Veins, arteries, and capillaries
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| What does the vascular system circulate to provide for gas, nutrient, and waste exchange? | Blood
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| What carries blood away from the heart? | Arteries
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| In the arteries, pressure is high/low? | High
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| Arteries branch into smaller arteries until they become? | Arterioles
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| Arterioles empty into? | Capillaries
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| The 3 layers of arteries are? | Tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa
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| What is the innermost layer of an artery called? | Tunica intima
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| What layer is the only layer that contacts blood? | Tunica intima
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| The tunica intima is made up of ___________ epithyelium called endothelium? | Simple squamos
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| `The tunica intima is continuous with the? | Endocardium
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| The smoothness of the tunica intima prevents? | Clotting
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| What layer of the artery produces NO (nitric oxide)? | Tunica intima
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| The tunica intima produces nitric oxide which causes? | Vasodilation
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| The middle layer of the artery is called? | Tunica media
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| The tunica media is made up of ______ muscle and _______ connective tissue? | Smooth, elastic
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| The tunica media helps maintain blood pressure during? | Diastole
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| Nitric oxide increases relaxation of the tunica? | Media
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| Nitric oxide increases relaxation of the tunica media which increases/decreases BP? | Decreases
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| In the tunica media, the SNS causes vaso? | Constriction
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| What is the internal elastic lamina? | Elastic layer that separates the inner 2 layers
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| What is the external elastic lamina? | Elastic layer that separates the outer 2 layers
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| What is the outer layer of the artery called? | Tunica externa
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| The tunica externa is made up of _____________ connective tissue? | Dense, irregular, fibrous
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| The tunica externa provides strength to prevent? | Rupture/aneurysm due to high pressure
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| Arterioles do not have a tunica? | Externa
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| Arterioles allow arteries to prevent flow to? | Capillaries
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| Veins carry blood away/toward the heart? | Toward
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| In the veins, pressure is high/low? | Low
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| Veins start out as ______ from capillaries? | Venules
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| Some veins in the lower extremities contain flaps called? | Valves
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| What do valves prevent? | Backflow of blood
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| Damage of valves leads to? | Varicosities
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| The tunica media is thinner because they do little to regulate? | Blood pressure
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| Why is the tunica externa thinner? | Because of the lower pressure in veins
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| What is a connection/joining of vessels that provides an alternate pathway when blockage occurs, i.e., provides redundancy called? | Anastomosis
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| Capillaries are single layer vessels that connect _______ to ________? | Arterioles to venules
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| Capillaries contain only? | Endothelium
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| Capillaries cannot dilate/constrict? | Constrict
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| Capillaries are about the diameter of one? | RBC
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| The number of capillaries in a tissue reflects that tissue's? | Metabolic activity
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| Not all tissues contain blood vessels and must get nutrients and gases via? | Diffusion
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| Flow to capillaries is regulated by? | Precapillary sphincters
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| What takes the place of capillaries in some tissues? | Sinusoids
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| Sinusoids are more permeable to permit? | Large proteins and cells to pass through
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| Capillaries exchange material between the blood and the __________ in the tissues in both directions? | Interstitial fluid
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| Gases in capillaries move by? | Diffusion
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| What occurs because of the higher pressure in the vessel, forcing plasma, glucose, AAs, and vitamins out of the capillary? | Filtration
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| What is the pressure created in the capillary that creates a concentration gradient to pull fluid into blood? | Colloid osmotic pressure
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| COP is created primarily because of? | Albumin
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| COP can be thought of as a "pulling" pressure that pulls ______ into the blood? | Water
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| COP occurs toward the _____ side of the capillary? | Venule
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| COP helps maintain blood? | Volume
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| Excess interstitial fluid is returned via the? | Lympahatic vessels
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| What is a very important anastomosis surrounding the pituitary gl. on the inferior surface of the brain? | Circle of Willis
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| The popliteal v. changes name to become the? | Femoral v.
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| The great saphenous v. combines with the femoral v. to become the? | External iliac v.
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| The external and internal iliac v. join to become the? | Common iliac v.
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| The right and left common iliac combine to become the? | Inferior vena cava
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| What veins join the inferior vena cava? | Inferior mesenteric v., gonadal vv., renal v., right and left gastric vv., hepatic v., and intercostal vv.
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| The median v. becomes the? | Basilic v.
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| The basilic v. combines with the brachial v. to become the? | Axillary v.
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| The median cubital combines the median v. with the ? | Cephalic v.
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| The cephalic v. joins the axillary v. to become the? | Subclavian v.
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| The internal jugular v., external jugular v., ad vertebral v. join the? | Subclavian v.
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| The internal jugular v. is supplied by the? | Dural venous sinuses
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| When the cross-sectional area of the vascular system increases, the velocity of blood flow? | Decreases
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| The total circulation time for the velocity of blood flow is about? | One minute
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| When blood flows, the venules to veins, the cross-sectional area _______, and the velocity ______? | Decreases, increases
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| The segment of the vascular system with the greatest cross-sectional area is the? | Capillaries
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| Velocity of blood flow in the capillaries is? | Slow
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| Explain the importance of velocity of flow in the capillaries: | Slow flow allows enough time for exchange of nutrients, wastes, and gases.
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| What is blood pressure? | The force the blood exerts against the walls of vessels
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| What is dependent on BP? | Filtration
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| Blood pressure is measured in? | mmHg-milimeters of mercury
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| Pulmonary BP prevents filtration from the capillaries which would lead to? | Pulmonary edema
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| When taking systemic arterial BP, what 2 numbers are taken? | Systolic, diastolic
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| The pressure when the left ventricle contracts is called? | Systolic
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| The pressure when the left ventricle relaxes is called? | Diastolic
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| Consistent high BP is called? | Hypertension
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| BP that is below normal is called? | Hypotension
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| Systemic BP is highest in the? | Aorta
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| Systemic BP decreases as distance the heart? | Increases
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| What is venous return? | The amount of blood returned from the veins to the heart
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| If venous return decreases, Starling's Law will prevent the heart from contracting as forcefully and BP will ______? | Decrease
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| When standing the heart must overcome gravity pulling the blood to the lower extremities. 3 mechanisms help overcome this and they are called? | Venous contriction, skeletal muscle pump, and respiratory pump
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| Constriction of the veins helps increase venous return. The tissue in the wall of a vein that is capable of contractions is? | Smooth muscle
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| The skeletal muscle pump contributes to venous retun in veins in which part part of the body? | Legs
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| Contraction of skeletal muscles (especially legs) compress these veins and force blood toward the? | Heart
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| The respiratory pump contributes to venous return in veins in which part of the body? | Thoracic cavity
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| As HR and force increases, BP ______? | Increases
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| What is the resistance of blood vessels to the flow of blood? | Peripheral resistance
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| What helps maintain diastolic pressure and pulse pressure? | Elasticity of large arteries
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| What is pulse pressure? | The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure
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| The normal ratio for pulse pressure is? | 3:2:1
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| The thickness of blood is called? | Viscosity
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| Viscosity of the blood is increased due to? | Solids
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| What hormone increases vasoconstriction and HR? | Epinephrine
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| What hormone increases vasoconstriction? | Norepinephrine
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| What hormone increases the reabsorption of water by the kidneys? | ADH
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| What hormone increases the reabsorption of water by the kidneys by increasing sodium reabsorption? | Aldosterone
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| What hormone increases loss of water by increasing excretion of sodium? | ANP
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| What is the distribution of blood flow? | As certain organs require more blood other organs must give up blood in order to maintain pressure
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| What are the 2 categories of BP regulation? | Intrinsic mechanisms and nervous mechanisms
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| What mechanism is within the cardiovascular system and does not require nervous system input? | Intrinsic mechanisms
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| What are the 3 mechanisms of intrinsic mechanisms? | Starling's law, filtration decrease and renin-angiotensin mechanism
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| During the renin-angiotensin mechanism, BP decrease causes kidneys to release renin which causes? | Angiotensin II to be formed which causes vasoconstriction and release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex
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| What mechanism is controlled by the ANS? | Nervous mechanism
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| The vasomotor center is located in the ______ of the brain? | Medulla
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| The vasomotor center consists of two areas called the? | Vasoconstrictor and vasodilater
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| The medulla receives sensory information about the need for changes in vessel diameter from the _______ in the carotid and aortic sinuses? | Pressoreceptors
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| The division of the autonomic nervous system that regulates the diameter of arteries and veins is the ______ division? | Sympathetic
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| Vasoconstriction is brought about by more impulses per second and will ______ BP. | Raise
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| Vasodilation is brought about by fewer impulses per second and will ______ BP. | Lower
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