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Worsham Anatomy Q1

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
The study of the structure of the human body   Anatomy  
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Physiology   The study of body function  
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What we can view with the eye   Gross anatomy  
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microscopic anatomy   requires a microscope  
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Cytology   The study of the cells  
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The study of tissues   Histology  
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systemic anatomy   When all the organs with related functions are studied together  
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Regional anatomy   When all the organs in an area are studied together reguardless of function  
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Pathological anatomy   Involves structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease. Structural changes can result in change in function.  
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Topographical anatomy   Study of shapes and markings on the surface of the body that reveal underlying organs.  
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superior   towards the head  
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inferior   towards the feet  
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anterior (ventral)   towards the front  
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posterior (dorsal)   towards the back  
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medial   the middle of the body  
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latheral   a side or away from the middle  
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intermediate   between the middle and side/between two other points of referance  
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proximal   closer to the point of attachment  
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distal   farther from the point of attachment  
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superficial   towards or at the surface  
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deep   away from the surface  
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peripheral   outer edges of a region or structure  
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central   center of a region or structure  
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bilateral symmetry   on both sides  
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Axial   The main axis of the body such as the head neck and trunk  
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appendicular   the limbs  
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cervical   neck  
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acromial   point of shoulder  
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antecubital   front of elbow  
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antebrachial   forearm  
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pollex   thumb  
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patellar   anterior knee  
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tarsal   ankle & foot  
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orbital   eyes  
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buccal   check  
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mental   chin  
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sternal   breast bone  
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thoracic   chest  
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umbilical   navel  
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inguinal   groin  
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femoral   thigh  
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halluxd   great toe  
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vertebral   spinal column  
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olecranal   back of elbow  
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sacral   between hips  
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popliteal   back of knee  
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calcaneal   heel  
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plantar   sole  
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frontal (coronal) plane   vertical division of the body front and back  
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transverse (cross)   horizontal division of the body top and bottom  
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sagittal   vertical division of the body left and right sides  
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medsagittal (median)   vertical division of the body down the middle in left and right sides, only one  
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dorsal body cavity is composed of   crainal cavity and vertebral cavity  
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the brain is housed in   the cranial cavity  
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the spinal cord is housed in   the vertebral cavity  
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the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity make up   the ventral body cavity  
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the thoracic cavity containes   the lungs, esospagus, trachea, and the heart  
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the abdominopelvic cavity is divided in ____ cavities   two, abdominal and pelvic cavities  
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the liver, stomach, and kidneys are located in the   abdominal cavity  
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the pelvic cavity contains   bladder, rectum and some reproductive organs  
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The thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity are divided by   the diaphram  
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The lungs are each contained in   pleural cavities, which are serous cavities  
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the esophagus and trachea are contained in   the mediastinum  
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the heart is contained in   pericardial cavity, which is a serous cavity  
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the _______ serous cavity surrounds some of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity   peritoneal  
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perietal serosa   the out most layer of the serous cavities  
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visceral serosa   the inner most layer of the serous cavities that lays directly on top of the organ  
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serous fluid   the liquid between the perietal and vesceral layers than fills the cavity to provide lubrication for smooth movement  
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structural changes can result in   change in function  
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amino acids are the building blocks of   proteins  
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lipids are   fats  
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nucleic acids contain   DNA & RNA  
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retro-parietal   behind or outside the parietal cavity  
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there are ____ abdominal regions or ____ abdominal quadrants   nine, four  
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when the abdomen is divided into regions where are the sagittal planes   just medial to each nipple  
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when the abdomen is divided into regions where do the transverse planes run   superior transverse runs at the bottom of the rib cage and anterior tranverse cuts at the top of the hip bones  
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when dividing the abdomen into quadrants where do the sagittal and transverse planes meet   at the umbillicus  
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name the center regions   Epigastric region, Unbilical region and hypogastric region  
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what are the six outer regions   right/left hypochondriac regions, right/left lumbar regions, and right/left iliac (inguinal) regions  
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smallest living unit in your body   cell  
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tissue   groups of cells similar is size, shape & function  
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what is the function of the plasma membrane   degines the extent of the cell and protects it by determining which substances enter or leave the cell  
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endocytosis   moving of substains into the cell  
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exocytosis   moving of substains out of the cell  
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mitochondria   "powerhouse" for the cell, generates of the cells energy, it is the most complex organelle  
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storage form of energy produced by the cell is   ATP  
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ribosomes   constructed of proteins & ribosomal RNA (rRNA) it is the site of potein synthesis  
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endoplasmic reticulum   "network within the cytoplasm"  
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rough ER   ribosomes stud the external surfaces, the cells membrane factory, secretory proteins, and digestive enzymes  
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smooth ER   consists of tubules in a branching network, not ribosomes attached, lipid metabolism, stores ionic calcium  
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what does ionic calcium do   acts as a signal for the beginning of many cellular events  
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golgi apparatus   a stack of 3 to 10 disk-shaped envelopes that sort products of rough ER & sends them to the proper destination, AKA the post office  
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nucleus   control center of the cell, where the DNA is, surrounded by a nuclear membrane AKA a nuclear envelope  
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epithelium tissue is for   covering and lining  
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connective tissue is for   support  
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muscle tissue is for   movement  
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nervous tissue is for   control/communication  
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what are the different types of epithelium tissues   simple and stratified  
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simple epithelium tissues have   1 layer  
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stratified epithelium tissues have   more then 1 layer  
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shape of the epithelium cells is determinded by the   apical (outer layer of tissue)  
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squamous   cells are wider than tall (plate-like)  
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cuboidal   cells are as wide as tall, like cubes  
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columnar   cells are taller then they are wide, like columns  
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exocrine gland   1 or more ducts that carry products to the epithelial surface or into a body cavity  
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mucus-secreting glands, sweat & oil glands, salivary glands, the liver and pancreas are examples of   exocrine glands  
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endocrine gland   ductless gland, secretes substances directly into the bloodstream and produce molecules (hormones)  
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heterocrine gland   functions as both exocrine and endocrine glands  
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the pancreas is an example of a   heterocrine  
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epidermis   superficial stratified squamous epithelial tissue, supported by the dermis  
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dermis   deep connective tissue with 2 layers that supports epidermis  
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keratinocytes   most abundant, produces the protein keratin  
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keratin   tough fibrous protein, gives the epidermis its protective properties  
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Merkel cells   sensory nerve endings and receptors for touch  
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melanocytes   produce melanin (skin pigment)  
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Langerhans cells   part of the immune system; use endocytosis to take up foreign proteins (antigens)or invaders  
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hypodermis   lies deep to the dermis and is NOT considered part of the skin.  
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superficial fascia and subcutaneous layer are other names for   hypodermis  
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what type of tissue does the hypodermis have   areolar and adipose connective tissues, mostly adipose tissue  
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what is the function of the hypodermis   stores fats, anchor the skin to underlying strutures, and insulates the body  
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sebaceous glands are ______ glands, that produce _____ which is an oily substance and also a holocrine secretion.   exocrine, sebum  
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holocrine secretion   entire cell breaks up to form product  
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sudoriferous glands are ______ that produce _____   exocrine, sweat  
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eccrine glands   the most numberous of sweat glands and products true sweat, 99% water  
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apocrine glands are located   axillary, anal & genital areas  
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apocrine glands open into a hair follicle and produces sweat with   fatty substances, proteins, with bacteria and causes body odor  
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which is larger, eccrine glands or apocrine glands   apocrine glands  
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nails are made from   hard keratin  
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hair is made of   hard keratin  
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where is a nails root and shaft?   root is imbedded in the skin and the shaft projects above the skin's surface  
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how many total cassified bones are in the human body   206  
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how many bones are in the axial skeleton   80  
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name the crainal bones and are they paired or unpaired   temporal-2, parietal-2, fontal-1, occipital-1, ethmoind-1, spheniod-1  
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name the facial bones and are they paired or unpaired   maxillary-2, zygomatic-2, lacrimal-2, nasal-2, palatine-2, inferiornasal conchae-2, mandible-1, vomer-1  
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name the six ear ossicles   malleus-2, incus-2, stapes-2  
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what does the hyoid bone articulate with   nothing, it is the only bone that does not directly articulate with any other bones  
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what are the 5 sections of the vertibrae and how many bones are in each   cervical-7, thoracic-12, lumbar-5, sacrum-1, coccyx-1  
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how are the ribs written in shorthand   cervical C1-C7, thoracic T1-T12, lumbar L1-L5  
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how many true ribs are there, how many false, of the false how many are floating   14 true, 10 false, 4 floating  
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the ribs articulate with the   sternum  
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how many regions does the sternum have and name them   3-manubrium, body, xiphiod process  
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how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton   126  
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the pectoral girdle is made up of what bones and how many of each are there   clavical-2 and scapula-2  
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how many arm bones are there and name it/them   2-humerus  
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name the bones of the forearm and how many of each   ulna-2, radius-2  
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name the carpals and how many   scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate-2 of each  
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how many metacarpals are there and how are they named   there are 10, numbered 1-5 from pollex to pinky  
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how many phalanges are in the hands, how are they identified   28-numbered 1-5 from pollex to pinky, each has a proxmial, middle & distal segment except the pollex which only has a proximal and distal segment  
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what is the pelvic girdle made up of   2-os coxae  
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name the thigh bones   2-femur  
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what is the knee cap called   patella  
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how many tarsals are there and name them   14-talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform  
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how many metatarsals are there and how are they named   10-numbered 1-5 from hallux to baby toe  
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how many phalanges are in the feet and how are they identified   28-number 1-5 from hallux to baby toe, each has a proximal, middle, distal segment except the hallux which only has a proximal and distal segment  
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what are the 3 types of cartilage   hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage  
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which is the most abundant, glass-like cartilage   hyaline  
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where is hyaline cartilage found   ends of long bones, costal (ribcage), between the vertabrae  
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which cartilage contains many elastic fibers and is able to tolerate repeated bending   elastic cartilage  
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where is elastic cartilage found   ear and eppiglotus  
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which cartilage resist strong compression and strong tension.   fibrocartilage  
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where is fibrocartilage found   intervert. discs, pubic symphysis & menicus (knee)  
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what are the classifications of bones   flat, long, short, irregular  
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describe flat bones, give examples   thin & flattened & usually curved, such as sternum, crainal bones, ribs & scapula  
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describe long bones, give examples   longer then wide with a shaft & ends, such as arms, legs, fingers, toes  
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describe short bones, give examples   roughly cube-shaped, such as carpals, tarsals, patella (which is also a sesamoid bone)  
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describe irregular bones, give examples   various shapes that do not fit into other categories, such as vertebrae, hip bones, ethmiod  
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compact bone   dense out layer  
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spongy bone (cancellous/trabecular)   inernal network of bone  
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osteocytes   mature bone cells; spider-shaped  
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lucanae   small cavities in the solid matrix occupied by osteocytes  
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canaliculi   thin tubes occupied by the "spider legs" of the osteocytes  
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diaphysis   shaft of a bone  
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epiphysis   ends of a bone  
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epiphyseal line   hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone  
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medually cavity   hollow cavity in the shaft of the bone filled with yellow marrow  
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periosteum   fibrous membrane that covers the external surfaces of bones except at their articular surfaces  
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endosteum   membrane lining the medually cavity of bone & other inner bone surfaces  
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osteon (Haversian system)   microscopic bone unit of compact bone, consisting of Haversian canals & the surrounding lamellae; long cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone  
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Haversian canal (central canal)   runs through the core of each osteon; is lined by endosteum; contains blood vessels which provide nutrients to the bone cells & nerve fibers  
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Volkmann's canals (perforating canals)   lie at a right angle to the central canals & connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals & the marrow cavity  
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lemella   a layer of bone matrix in which the collagen fibers & mineral crystals align & run in a single direction, fibers & crystals of adjacent lamellae alway run in roughly opposite directions  
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what is the site of blood cell formatin   red marrow (hematopoiesis)  
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hematopoiesis   site in red bone marrow where blood cells are formed  
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what sutures border the parietal bones   coronal, squamous, sagittal, lambdoid  
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what is the squamous region of the temporal bones   plate-shaped region that abuts the squamous suture  
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what is the zygomatic process of the temporal bones   bar-like projection that projects anteriorly from the temperal bone to meet the zygomatic bone of the face  
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what is the mandibular fossa of the temporal bones   located on the inferior surgace of the zyugomatic process and receives the mandible  
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what is the tympanic region of the temporal bones   surrounds the external auditory meatus  
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what is the external auditory meatus of the temporal bones   external ear canal where sound enters the ear  
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what is the styloid process of the temporal bones   projects inferiorly from the tympanic region  
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what is the mastoid region of the temporal bones   breast-shaped region located just posterior to the tympanic region  
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what is the projection located in the mastoid region called   mastoid process  
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what are mastoid air cells (sinuses) of the temporal bones   air sinuses which lie just posterior to the middle ear cavity  
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what is the petrous region of the temporal bones   projects medially and contributes to the crainal base; bony wedge between the occipiatl bone posteriorly & sphenoid bone anteriorly  
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what is the carotid canal and where is it found   internal carotid artery passes through this opening on the temporal bones  
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what is the jugular foramen and where is it found   internal jugular vein passes through this opening on the temporal bones  
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what bone forms the forehead & roofs of the orbits   frontal bone  
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what is the supraorbital margin   sperior margin of each orbit  
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what is the superciliary arch   formed by the supraorbital margin and is located just deep to our eyebrows, more dominate in men then women  
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what is the glabella   smooth part of the frontal bone between the superciliary arches in the midline  
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what is the frontal eminence   2 rounded prominecnes one on each side of the frontal bone; where the forehead turns backward to become the anterior portion of the crown of the head. Widest measurement of the anterior part of the skull  
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what is the frontal sinus   regions of the frontal bone lateral to the glabella containing the air-filled frontal sinuses (part of the paranasal sinuses)  
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what bone forms the posterior portion of the cranium and cranial base   occipital bone  
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what are the occipital condyles   the part of the occipital bone that articulates with the atlas and enables us to shake our head "yes"  
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what is the formanen magnum   large hole in the base of the occipital bone where the inferior part of the brain connects with the spinal cord  
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what are the external occipital portaberance   a knob in the midline of the occipiatl bone at the junction of the base & posterior wall of the skull  
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where is the sphenoid bone   facial bone that is the width of the crainal floor, resembles a butterfly or bat  
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what is the sella turcica on the sphenoid bone   saddle-shaped pominence on the superior surface of the body; seat of the saddle is called the hypohyphseal fossa which holds the pituitary gland  
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where are the sphenoid sinuses located   within the sphenoid body; paired sinuses-part of the paranasal sinuses  
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where si the ethmoid bone   lies between the nasal & sphenoid bones, forms most of the medial bony regin between the nasal cavity & orbits  
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what and where is the cribriform plate   superior surface f the ethmoid bone is formed by paired, horizontal cribriform plates, they contribute to the roof of the nasal cavity & floor of the anterior cranial fossa; tiny filaments of crainial nerve & oflactory nerve pass through  
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what is the crista galli   between the 2 bribriform plates, in the midline, helps to secure the brain within the cranial cavity  
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what is the perpendicular plate   projects inferiorly in the median plane; forms the superior part of the nasal septum  
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ethmoid sinuses   part of the paranasal sinuses  
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what are the superior nasal conchae and the middle nasal conchae   extend medially form the lateral masses & protrude into the nasal cavity  
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what is the largest and strongest facial bone   mandible  
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the ramii and body are the parts of the   mandible  
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what is the mandibular angle   angle formed by the junction of the inferior edge of the body and the posterior edge of the ramus  
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what is the mental protuberance or eminence   tip of the chin  
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what is the alveolar porcess (margin)   superior border of the body of the mandible and the maxillary bones; tooth sockets/alveoli  
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what are the maxillary bones   makes up the middle of the face & articulates with all other facial bones except the mandible  
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what is the palatine process   projects medially form the alveolar process to form the anterior region of the hard palate  
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what are the maxillary sinuses   largest paranasal sinuses  
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what are the zygomatic bones   form the lateral walls of the orbits and the cheecks  
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what is the temporal process   extends back to meet the zygomatic arch  
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what are the frontal processes   extends up to meet the frontal bone on either side of the nasal cavity  
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the bridge of the nose is formed by   the nasal bones  
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what is the bone located in the medial orbital walls   lacrimal bone  
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complete the posterior part of teh hard palate   palatine bones  
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forms the inferior part of the nasal septum   vomer  
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inferior nasal conchae   thin, curved bones that project medially to form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity  
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what is C1   atlas  
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what is C2   axis  
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where do the atlas and axis articulate   the dens (odontoid process)  
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where are the dens located   on the superior side of teh axis on the anterior side  
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all the ribs articulate with   the thoracic vertebrae  
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which section of the vertebrae support the majority of the body weight   lumbar  
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what forms the posterior wall of the pelvis and is formed by 5 fused vertebrae   sacrum  
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what is the tailbone that is formed by 3-5 fused vertebrae   coccyx  
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cervical curvature   concave  
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thoracic curvature   convex  
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lumbar curvature   concave  
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sacral curvature   convex  
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which end of the clavicles articulate with the sternum   sternal ends  
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which end of the clavicles articulate with the scapula   acromial ends  
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what is the glenoid cavity   where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula  
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what is the coracoid process   bony projection of the scapula that functions as an attachment for muscles that move the arm  
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what is the bony ridge on the posterior side of the scapula that is an attachment for muscles   spinous process  
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trochlea   at the distal end of the humerus, it's the medial condyle that articulates with the ulna  
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capitulum   at the distal end of the humerus, lateral condyle that articulates with the radius  
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olecranon fossa   at the distal end on the posterior side of the humerus, receives the olecranon process of the ulna when the forearm is fully flexed  
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cornoid fossa   at the distal end on the anerior side of the humerus, recieves the cornoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed  
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what are the radioulnar joints   joints at the proximal and distial ends of the ulna and radius, where they articulate at the radial notch  
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smooth depression of the lateral side of the proximal end of the ulna, where it articulates with the head of the radius   radial notch  
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what is the deep cup that holds the head of the femur   acetabulum  
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what are the large flaring bones of the hips   ileum  
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what is the strongest part of the hip bones that bears most of our weight when sitting   ischeum  
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obturator foramen   large hole between the pubis and ischeum  
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pubic symphysis   fibrocartilage at the midline where the 2 public bones joins  
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pubic arch   the arch inferior to the pubic symphysis  
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articulates with the patella at the distal end of the femur   patellar surface  
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artticulates with the medial side of the tibia   medial condyle  
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articualtes with the lateral side of the tibia   lateral condyle  
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patella   short bone (sesamoid bone) that is enclosed in a tendon  
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what forms the medial bulge of the ankle   medial malleolus  
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what contributes to the stability of the ankle joint   lateral malleolus  
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