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Worsham Anatomy Q1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The study of the structure of the human body | Anatomy |
| Physiology | The study of body function |
| What we can view with the eye | Gross anatomy |
| microscopic anatomy | requires a microscope |
| Cytology | The study of the cells |
| The study of tissues | Histology |
| systemic anatomy | When all the organs with related functions are studied together |
| Regional anatomy | When all the organs in an area are studied together reguardless of function |
| Pathological anatomy | Involves structural changes in cells, tissues, and organs caused by disease. Structural changes can result in change in function. |
| Topographical anatomy | Study of shapes and markings on the surface of the body that reveal underlying organs. |
| superior | towards the head |
| inferior | towards the feet |
| anterior (ventral) | towards the front |
| posterior (dorsal) | towards the back |
| medial | the middle of the body |
| latheral | a side or away from the middle |
| intermediate | between the middle and side/between two other points of referance |
| proximal | closer to the point of attachment |
| distal | farther from the point of attachment |
| superficial | towards or at the surface |
| deep | away from the surface |
| peripheral | outer edges of a region or structure |
| central | center of a region or structure |
| bilateral symmetry | on both sides |
| Axial | The main axis of the body such as the head neck and trunk |
| appendicular | the limbs |
| cervical | neck |
| acromial | point of shoulder |
| antecubital | front of elbow |
| antebrachial | forearm |
| pollex | thumb |
| patellar | anterior knee |
| tarsal | ankle & foot |
| orbital | eyes |
| buccal | check |
| mental | chin |
| sternal | breast bone |
| thoracic | chest |
| umbilical | navel |
| inguinal | groin |
| femoral | thigh |
| halluxd | great toe |
| vertebral | spinal column |
| olecranal | back of elbow |
| sacral | between hips |
| popliteal | back of knee |
| calcaneal | heel |
| plantar | sole |
| frontal (coronal) plane | vertical division of the body front and back |
| transverse (cross) | horizontal division of the body top and bottom |
| sagittal | vertical division of the body left and right sides |
| medsagittal (median) | vertical division of the body down the middle in left and right sides, only one |
| dorsal body cavity is composed of | crainal cavity and vertebral cavity |
| the brain is housed in | the cranial cavity |
| the spinal cord is housed in | the vertebral cavity |
| the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity make up | the ventral body cavity |
| the thoracic cavity containes | the lungs, esospagus, trachea, and the heart |
| the abdominopelvic cavity is divided in ____ cavities | two, abdominal and pelvic cavities |
| the liver, stomach, and kidneys are located in the | abdominal cavity |
| the pelvic cavity contains | bladder, rectum and some reproductive organs |
| The thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity are divided by | the diaphram |
| The lungs are each contained in | pleural cavities, which are serous cavities |
| the esophagus and trachea are contained in | the mediastinum |
| the heart is contained in | pericardial cavity, which is a serous cavity |
| the _______ serous cavity surrounds some of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity | peritoneal |
| perietal serosa | the out most layer of the serous cavities |
| visceral serosa | the inner most layer of the serous cavities that lays directly on top of the organ |
| serous fluid | the liquid between the perietal and vesceral layers than fills the cavity to provide lubrication for smooth movement |
| structural changes can result in | change in function |
| amino acids are the building blocks of | proteins |
| lipids are | fats |
| nucleic acids contain | DNA & RNA |
| retro-parietal | behind or outside the parietal cavity |
| there are ____ abdominal regions or ____ abdominal quadrants | nine, four |
| when the abdomen is divided into regions where are the sagittal planes | just medial to each nipple |
| when the abdomen is divided into regions where do the transverse planes run | superior transverse runs at the bottom of the rib cage and anterior tranverse cuts at the top of the hip bones |
| when dividing the abdomen into quadrants where do the sagittal and transverse planes meet | at the umbillicus |
| name the center regions | Epigastric region, Unbilical region and hypogastric region |
| what are the six outer regions | right/left hypochondriac regions, right/left lumbar regions, and right/left iliac (inguinal) regions |
| smallest living unit in your body | cell |
| tissue | groups of cells similar is size, shape & function |
| what is the function of the plasma membrane | degines the extent of the cell and protects it by determining which substances enter or leave the cell |
| endocytosis | moving of substains into the cell |
| exocytosis | moving of substains out of the cell |
| mitochondria | "powerhouse" for the cell, generates of the cells energy, it is the most complex organelle |
| storage form of energy produced by the cell is | ATP |
| ribosomes | constructed of proteins & ribosomal RNA (rRNA) it is the site of potein synthesis |
| endoplasmic reticulum | "network within the cytoplasm" |
| rough ER | ribosomes stud the external surfaces, the cells membrane factory, secretory proteins, and digestive enzymes |
| smooth ER | consists of tubules in a branching network, not ribosomes attached, lipid metabolism, stores ionic calcium |
| what does ionic calcium do | acts as a signal for the beginning of many cellular events |
| golgi apparatus | a stack of 3 to 10 disk-shaped envelopes that sort products of rough ER & sends them to the proper destination, AKA the post office |
| nucleus | control center of the cell, where the DNA is, surrounded by a nuclear membrane AKA a nuclear envelope |
| epithelium tissue is for | covering and lining |
| connective tissue is for | support |
| muscle tissue is for | movement |
| nervous tissue is for | control/communication |
| what are the different types of epithelium tissues | simple and stratified |
| simple epithelium tissues have | 1 layer |
| stratified epithelium tissues have | more then 1 layer |
| shape of the epithelium cells is determinded by the | apical (outer layer of tissue) |
| squamous | cells are wider than tall (plate-like) |
| cuboidal | cells are as wide as tall, like cubes |
| columnar | cells are taller then they are wide, like columns |
| exocrine gland | 1 or more ducts that carry products to the epithelial surface or into a body cavity |
| mucus-secreting glands, sweat & oil glands, salivary glands, the liver and pancreas are examples of | exocrine glands |
| endocrine gland | ductless gland, secretes substances directly into the bloodstream and produce molecules (hormones) |
| heterocrine gland | functions as both exocrine and endocrine glands |
| the pancreas is an example of a | heterocrine |
| epidermis | superficial stratified squamous epithelial tissue, supported by the dermis |
| dermis | deep connective tissue with 2 layers that supports epidermis |
| keratinocytes | most abundant, produces the protein keratin |
| keratin | tough fibrous protein, gives the epidermis its protective properties |
| Merkel cells | sensory nerve endings and receptors for touch |
| melanocytes | produce melanin (skin pigment) |
| Langerhans cells | part of the immune system; use endocytosis to take up foreign proteins (antigens)or invaders |
| hypodermis | lies deep to the dermis and is NOT considered part of the skin. |
| superficial fascia and subcutaneous layer are other names for | hypodermis |
| what type of tissue does the hypodermis have | areolar and adipose connective tissues, mostly adipose tissue |
| what is the function of the hypodermis | stores fats, anchor the skin to underlying strutures, and insulates the body |
| sebaceous glands are ______ glands, that produce _____ which is an oily substance and also a holocrine secretion. | exocrine, sebum |
| holocrine secretion | entire cell breaks up to form product |
| sudoriferous glands are ______ that produce _____ | exocrine, sweat |
| eccrine glands | the most numberous of sweat glands and products true sweat, 99% water |
| apocrine glands are located | axillary, anal & genital areas |
| apocrine glands open into a hair follicle and produces sweat with | fatty substances, proteins, with bacteria and causes body odor |
| which is larger, eccrine glands or apocrine glands | apocrine glands |
| nails are made from | hard keratin |
| hair is made of | hard keratin |
| where is a nails root and shaft? | root is imbedded in the skin and the shaft projects above the skin's surface |
| how many total cassified bones are in the human body | 206 |
| how many bones are in the axial skeleton | 80 |
| name the crainal bones and are they paired or unpaired | temporal-2, parietal-2, fontal-1, occipital-1, ethmoind-1, spheniod-1 |
| name the facial bones and are they paired or unpaired | maxillary-2, zygomatic-2, lacrimal-2, nasal-2, palatine-2, inferiornasal conchae-2, mandible-1, vomer-1 |
| name the six ear ossicles | malleus-2, incus-2, stapes-2 |
| what does the hyoid bone articulate with | nothing, it is the only bone that does not directly articulate with any other bones |
| what are the 5 sections of the vertibrae and how many bones are in each | cervical-7, thoracic-12, lumbar-5, sacrum-1, coccyx-1 |
| how are the ribs written in shorthand | cervical C1-C7, thoracic T1-T12, lumbar L1-L5 |
| how many true ribs are there, how many false, of the false how many are floating | 14 true, 10 false, 4 floating |
| the ribs articulate with the | sternum |
| how many regions does the sternum have and name them | 3-manubrium, body, xiphiod process |
| how many bones are in the appendicular skeleton | 126 |
| the pectoral girdle is made up of what bones and how many of each are there | clavical-2 and scapula-2 |
| how many arm bones are there and name it/them | 2-humerus |
| name the bones of the forearm and how many of each | ulna-2, radius-2 |
| name the carpals and how many | scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate-2 of each |
| how many metacarpals are there and how are they named | there are 10, numbered 1-5 from pollex to pinky |
| how many phalanges are in the hands, how are they identified | 28-numbered 1-5 from pollex to pinky, each has a proxmial, middle & distal segment except the pollex which only has a proximal and distal segment |
| what is the pelvic girdle made up of | 2-os coxae |
| name the thigh bones | 2-femur |
| what is the knee cap called | patella |
| how many tarsals are there and name them | 14-talus, calcaneus, cuboid, navicular, medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform |
| how many metatarsals are there and how are they named | 10-numbered 1-5 from hallux to baby toe |
| how many phalanges are in the feet and how are they identified | 28-number 1-5 from hallux to baby toe, each has a proximal, middle, distal segment except the hallux which only has a proximal and distal segment |
| what are the 3 types of cartilage | hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage |
| which is the most abundant, glass-like cartilage | hyaline |
| where is hyaline cartilage found | ends of long bones, costal (ribcage), between the vertabrae |
| which cartilage contains many elastic fibers and is able to tolerate repeated bending | elastic cartilage |
| where is elastic cartilage found | ear and eppiglotus |
| which cartilage resist strong compression and strong tension. | fibrocartilage |
| where is fibrocartilage found | intervert. discs, pubic symphysis & menicus (knee) |
| what are the classifications of bones | flat, long, short, irregular |
| describe flat bones, give examples | thin & flattened & usually curved, such as sternum, crainal bones, ribs & scapula |
| describe long bones, give examples | longer then wide with a shaft & ends, such as arms, legs, fingers, toes |
| describe short bones, give examples | roughly cube-shaped, such as carpals, tarsals, patella (which is also a sesamoid bone) |
| describe irregular bones, give examples | various shapes that do not fit into other categories, such as vertebrae, hip bones, ethmiod |
| compact bone | dense out layer |
| spongy bone (cancellous/trabecular) | inernal network of bone |
| osteocytes | mature bone cells; spider-shaped |
| lucanae | small cavities in the solid matrix occupied by osteocytes |
| canaliculi | thin tubes occupied by the "spider legs" of the osteocytes |
| diaphysis | shaft of a bone |
| epiphysis | ends of a bone |
| epiphyseal line | hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone |
| medually cavity | hollow cavity in the shaft of the bone filled with yellow marrow |
| periosteum | fibrous membrane that covers the external surfaces of bones except at their articular surfaces |
| endosteum | membrane lining the medually cavity of bone & other inner bone surfaces |
| osteon (Haversian system) | microscopic bone unit of compact bone, consisting of Haversian canals & the surrounding lamellae; long cylindrical structures oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone |
| Haversian canal (central canal) | runs through the core of each osteon; is lined by endosteum; contains blood vessels which provide nutrients to the bone cells & nerve fibers |
| Volkmann's canals (perforating canals) | lie at a right angle to the central canals & connect the blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the central canals & the marrow cavity |
| lemella | a layer of bone matrix in which the collagen fibers & mineral crystals align & run in a single direction, fibers & crystals of adjacent lamellae alway run in roughly opposite directions |
| what is the site of blood cell formatin | red marrow (hematopoiesis) |
| hematopoiesis | site in red bone marrow where blood cells are formed |
| what sutures border the parietal bones | coronal, squamous, sagittal, lambdoid |
| what is the squamous region of the temporal bones | plate-shaped region that abuts the squamous suture |
| what is the zygomatic process of the temporal bones | bar-like projection that projects anteriorly from the temperal bone to meet the zygomatic bone of the face |
| what is the mandibular fossa of the temporal bones | located on the inferior surgace of the zyugomatic process and receives the mandible |
| what is the tympanic region of the temporal bones | surrounds the external auditory meatus |
| what is the external auditory meatus of the temporal bones | external ear canal where sound enters the ear |
| what is the styloid process of the temporal bones | projects inferiorly from the tympanic region |
| what is the mastoid region of the temporal bones | breast-shaped region located just posterior to the tympanic region |
| what is the projection located in the mastoid region called | mastoid process |
| what are mastoid air cells (sinuses) of the temporal bones | air sinuses which lie just posterior to the middle ear cavity |
| what is the petrous region of the temporal bones | projects medially and contributes to the crainal base; bony wedge between the occipiatl bone posteriorly & sphenoid bone anteriorly |
| what is the carotid canal and where is it found | internal carotid artery passes through this opening on the temporal bones |
| what is the jugular foramen and where is it found | internal jugular vein passes through this opening on the temporal bones |
| what bone forms the forehead & roofs of the orbits | frontal bone |
| what is the supraorbital margin | sperior margin of each orbit |
| what is the superciliary arch | formed by the supraorbital margin and is located just deep to our eyebrows, more dominate in men then women |
| what is the glabella | smooth part of the frontal bone between the superciliary arches in the midline |
| what is the frontal eminence | 2 rounded prominecnes one on each side of the frontal bone; where the forehead turns backward to become the anterior portion of the crown of the head. Widest measurement of the anterior part of the skull |
| what is the frontal sinus | regions of the frontal bone lateral to the glabella containing the air-filled frontal sinuses (part of the paranasal sinuses) |
| what bone forms the posterior portion of the cranium and cranial base | occipital bone |
| what are the occipital condyles | the part of the occipital bone that articulates with the atlas and enables us to shake our head "yes" |
| what is the formanen magnum | large hole in the base of the occipital bone where the inferior part of the brain connects with the spinal cord |
| what are the external occipital portaberance | a knob in the midline of the occipiatl bone at the junction of the base & posterior wall of the skull |
| where is the sphenoid bone | facial bone that is the width of the crainal floor, resembles a butterfly or bat |
| what is the sella turcica on the sphenoid bone | saddle-shaped pominence on the superior surface of the body; seat of the saddle is called the hypohyphseal fossa which holds the pituitary gland |
| where are the sphenoid sinuses located | within the sphenoid body; paired sinuses-part of the paranasal sinuses |
| where si the ethmoid bone | lies between the nasal & sphenoid bones, forms most of the medial bony regin between the nasal cavity & orbits |
| what and where is the cribriform plate | superior surface f the ethmoid bone is formed by paired, horizontal cribriform plates, they contribute to the roof of the nasal cavity & floor of the anterior cranial fossa; tiny filaments of crainial nerve & oflactory nerve pass through |
| what is the crista galli | between the 2 bribriform plates, in the midline, helps to secure the brain within the cranial cavity |
| what is the perpendicular plate | projects inferiorly in the median plane; forms the superior part of the nasal septum |
| ethmoid sinuses | part of the paranasal sinuses |
| what are the superior nasal conchae and the middle nasal conchae | extend medially form the lateral masses & protrude into the nasal cavity |
| what is the largest and strongest facial bone | mandible |
| the ramii and body are the parts of the | mandible |
| what is the mandibular angle | angle formed by the junction of the inferior edge of the body and the posterior edge of the ramus |
| what is the mental protuberance or eminence | tip of the chin |
| what is the alveolar porcess (margin) | superior border of the body of the mandible and the maxillary bones; tooth sockets/alveoli |
| what are the maxillary bones | makes up the middle of the face & articulates with all other facial bones except the mandible |
| what is the palatine process | projects medially form the alveolar process to form the anterior region of the hard palate |
| what are the maxillary sinuses | largest paranasal sinuses |
| what are the zygomatic bones | form the lateral walls of the orbits and the cheecks |
| what is the temporal process | extends back to meet the zygomatic arch |
| what are the frontal processes | extends up to meet the frontal bone on either side of the nasal cavity |
| the bridge of the nose is formed by | the nasal bones |
| what is the bone located in the medial orbital walls | lacrimal bone |
| complete the posterior part of teh hard palate | palatine bones |
| forms the inferior part of the nasal septum | vomer |
| inferior nasal conchae | thin, curved bones that project medially to form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity |
| what is C1 | atlas |
| what is C2 | axis |
| where do the atlas and axis articulate | the dens (odontoid process) |
| where are the dens located | on the superior side of teh axis on the anterior side |
| all the ribs articulate with | the thoracic vertebrae |
| which section of the vertebrae support the majority of the body weight | lumbar |
| what forms the posterior wall of the pelvis and is formed by 5 fused vertebrae | sacrum |
| what is the tailbone that is formed by 3-5 fused vertebrae | coccyx |
| cervical curvature | concave |
| thoracic curvature | convex |
| lumbar curvature | concave |
| sacral curvature | convex |
| which end of the clavicles articulate with the sternum | sternal ends |
| which end of the clavicles articulate with the scapula | acromial ends |
| what is the glenoid cavity | where the head of the humerus articulates with the scapula |
| what is the coracoid process | bony projection of the scapula that functions as an attachment for muscles that move the arm |
| what is the bony ridge on the posterior side of the scapula that is an attachment for muscles | spinous process |
| trochlea | at the distal end of the humerus, it's the medial condyle that articulates with the ulna |
| capitulum | at the distal end of the humerus, lateral condyle that articulates with the radius |
| olecranon fossa | at the distal end on the posterior side of the humerus, receives the olecranon process of the ulna when the forearm is fully flexed |
| cornoid fossa | at the distal end on the anerior side of the humerus, recieves the cornoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed |
| what are the radioulnar joints | joints at the proximal and distial ends of the ulna and radius, where they articulate at the radial notch |
| smooth depression of the lateral side of the proximal end of the ulna, where it articulates with the head of the radius | radial notch |
| what is the deep cup that holds the head of the femur | acetabulum |
| what are the large flaring bones of the hips | ileum |
| what is the strongest part of the hip bones that bears most of our weight when sitting | ischeum |
| obturator foramen | large hole between the pubis and ischeum |
| pubic symphysis | fibrocartilage at the midline where the 2 public bones joins |
| pubic arch | the arch inferior to the pubic symphysis |
| articulates with the patella at the distal end of the femur | patellar surface |
| artticulates with the medial side of the tibia | medial condyle |
| articualtes with the lateral side of the tibia | lateral condyle |
| patella | short bone (sesamoid bone) that is enclosed in a tendon |
| what forms the medial bulge of the ankle | medial malleolus |
| what contributes to the stability of the ankle joint | lateral malleolus |
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