The Blood
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| The general functions of blood are? | Transportation, regulation, and protection
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| The function of blood is transportation of? | Nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones
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| The function of blood is regulation of? | Fluid-electrolyte balance, acid-bace balance, and body temperature
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| The function of blood is protection of? | WBCs protect against pathogens, and blood clotting
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| The amount of blood within the body is in the range of? | 4-6 liters
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| The blood cells make up __% to __% of the total blood? | 38%-48%
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| Blood cells are called? | Formed elements
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| The blood plasma makes up __% to __% of the total blood? | 52%-62%
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| What blood is bright red because of oxygen? | Arteriole
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| What blood is darker and looks blue under the skin? | Venous
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| The normal pH range of blood is? | 7.35-7.45
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| What blood usually has a slightly lower pH because of carbon dioxide? | Venous
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| What is AKA thickness or resistance to flow? | Viscosity
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| Viscosity is 3-5x ______ than water? | Thicker
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| Viscosity is increased becaus of? | Solids
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| The liquid part of the blood is called? | Plasma
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| Blood plasma is approximately __% water? | 91%
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| The water of plasma is a solvent, which means that substances may _______ in this water and be transported? | Dissolve
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| The clotting factors for plasma proteins are? | Prothrombin, fibrinogen
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| Prothrombin and fibrinogen are synthesized in the? | Liver
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| What is the most abundant plasma protein? | Albumin
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| Albumin is synthesized by the? | Liver
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| What contributes to colloid osmotic pressure? | Albumin
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| Alpha and beta globulins are made in the? | Liver
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| What plasma proteins are carriers for fat and other molecules? | Alpha and beta globulins
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| Gamma globulins are produced by? | Lymphocytes
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| Gamma globulins are AKA? | Antibodies
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| What plasma proteins initiate immunity? | Gamma globulins
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| Plasma carries? | Heat
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| What is a byproduct of exothermic decomposition reactions such as cell respiration? | Heat
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| Blood can be redirected to various parts of the body to distribute heat to or from areas by ? | Dialating or constricting vessels
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| The 3 types of blood cells are called? | RBC, WBC, and platelets
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| RBCs, WBCs, and platelets are produced from _________ in hemopoietic tissue? | Stem cells
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| The primary hemopoietic tissue is? | Red bone marrow
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| The primary hemopoietic tissue is located in the _____ bones and ________ of long bones? | Flat, epiphysis
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| What type of cells mature in or are produced in lymphatic tissue from stem cells? | Lymphocytes
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| Lymphatic tissue is found in lymphatic organs such as the ______,_______, and _______? | Spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus
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| T-lymphoctes are produced from stem cells in the? | Thymus gland
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| RBCs are AKA? | Erythrocytes
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| Describe the appearance of RBCs? | Biconcave discs
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| What major cellular structure do mature RBCs lack? | A nucleus
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| What is the measurement of RBCs called? | Hematocrit
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| Centrifugation of blood forces formed elements to the? | Bottom
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| The oxygen-carring protein in RBCs is? | Hemoglobin
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| The oxygen-carrying mineral in hemoglobin is? | Iron
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| There are ___ million Hb molecules/RBC? | 300
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| Each Hb molecule can bind __ oxygen molecules? | 4
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| RBCs pick up oxygen when they circulate through the pulmonary capillaries and this hemoglobin is now called a? | Oxyhemoglobin
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| In the capillaries, Hb gives up its oxygen and becomes _______ Hb? | Reduced
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| What mineral is essential for Hb formation? | Iron
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| What mineral binds the oxygen and makes RBCs red? | Iron
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| Hemoglobin can bind to ______ instead of oxygen? | Carbon dioxide
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| The production and maturation of blood cells are produced from ________ in RBM called ________? | Stem cells, hemocytoblasts
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| Several million cells produced each second are influenced by? | Oxygen levels
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| Hypoxia causes the kidneys to produce the hormone? | Erythropoiten
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| Erythropoiten increases hemocytoblast? | Mitosis
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| What hormone is increased by things such as high altitude, bleeding, or exercise? | Erythropoiten
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| In RBC formation, the last stage with a nucleus is called a? | Normoblast
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| The stage in which fragments of the ER are present is called a? | Reticulocyte
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| An important indicator of mature RBC volume can occur in conditions like? | Hemorrhage, Rh disease of newborns, and malaria
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| Large numbers of reticulocytes or normoblasts in peripheral circulation are an indicator of? | Low RBC numbers and therefore decreased oxygen carrying capability
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| What is necessary for hemoglobin synthesis? | Protein and iron
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| What is part of common enzymes required for Hb sythesis? | Copper
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| What is required for DNA synthesis in hemocytoblasts? | Folate and B12
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| What is AKA extrinsic factor because it comes from our food? | B12
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| B12 combines with _______ factor in the stomach which is produced in the parietal cells of the gastric pits? | Intrinsic
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| The function of the intrinsic factor is to? | Prevent the digestion of B12 and allow for absorption
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| Deficiency of extrinsic or intrinsic factor will lead to? | Pernicious anemia
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| The life span of RBCs is approximately? | 120 days
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| RBCs are removed from circulation by the? | Tissue macrophage system
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| Macrophages (RE cells) that phagocytize old RBCs are found in the ______,______, and ______? | Liver, spleen, and red bone marrow
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| Iron is reused or stored in the? | Liver
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| What (protien portion) is also reused after being broken down into amino acids? | Globin
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| What portion cannot be reused and is a waste product? | Heme
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| What is converted to bilirubin by macrophages? | Heme
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| What is excreted by the liver into bile and gives feces its brown color? | Heme
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| Some bilirubin is converted to _______ by normal flora in the colon? | Urobilin
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| Urobilin can be reabsorbed in the colon and is excreted by the _______ in urine? | Kidneys
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| What is the buildup of bilirubin in the blood due to the liver disease or other disorder which causes yellowing of the skin and sclera due to bilirubin in the blood? | Jaundice
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| Blood types are determine4d by? | Antigens on the cell membrane
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| Each person has _______ to the antigens that each does not have? (e.g., type B has anti-A antibodies.) | Antibodies
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| What is determining the blood type (antigens present) called? | Transfusion
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| What is matching a donor to a recipient called? | Cross-matching
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| Giving the wrong blood type is called? | Typing
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| Typing leads to? | Agglutination and hemolysis
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| Clumping is called? | Agglutination
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| Destruction of the RBCs is called? | Hemolysis
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| The Rh factor is AKA? | D
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| Do Rh positive have Rh antigen? | Yes
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| Do Rh negative have Rh antigen? | No
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| Rh positive child born to Rh negative mother is called? | Erythroblastosis fetalis
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| Erythroblastosis fetalis results in? | Rh antibody production by the mother after birth
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| During erythroblastosis fetalis, antibodies will cross placenta dn injure the second child if? | Rh positive
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| What injections are given after birth of first child to prevent antibody production by the mother? | RhoGAM
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| An O negative blood type is called? | Universal donor
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| What blood type has neither A or B antigens nor Rh factor? | O negative
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| Will antibodies attach to O negative RBCs? | No
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| WBCs are AKA? | Leukocytes
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| WBCs are produced in? | Red bone marrow
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| The 5 types of WBCs are identified by? | Staining and looking at with a microscope
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| Are WBCs larger than RBCs? | Yes
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| Many WBCs are not in the blood, but rather in the? | Tissues
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| The 2 classifications of WBCs are called? | Granular and Agranular
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| Granular usually have ______ nuclei? | Segmented
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| Granular have ______ when stained? | Granules
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| What are light blue granules called? | Neutrophils
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| What are red granules called? | Eosinophils
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| What are dark blue granules called? | Basophils
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| What has no granules and non-segmented nuclei? | Agranular
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| Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are part of what WBC classification? | Granular
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| Lymphocytes and monocytes are type of what WBC classification? | Agranular
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| Some lymphocytes are produced in the? | Lymphatic tissue
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| The differential WBC count is the ________ of each kind of leukocyte? | Percentage
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| The functions of WBCs is to protect us from? | Pathogens
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| The functions of WBCs are to provide _______ from certain diseases? | Immunity
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| What WBC is most abundant and phagocytizes foreign particles labeled with antibodies? | Neutrophils
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| What WBC is most efficient and differentiates into macrophages which can also phagocytize dead or damaged tissue during repair? | Monocytes
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| What WBC detoxifies foreign proteins and phagocytizes foreign particles labeled with antibodies? | Eosinophils
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| What WBC contains granules of heparin and histamine? | Basophils
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| What is an anticoagulant? | Heparin
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| What is released during inflammation? | Histamine
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| What increases capillary permeabilty (swelling/edema)? | Histamine
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| The 3 types of lymphocytes are called? | T,B, and Natural Killer cells
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| What type of lymphocyte helps recognize foreign antigens and may help directly destroy cells with foreign antigens? | T cells
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| What type of lymphocyte becomes plasma cells that produce antibodies to foreign antigens? | B cells
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| What type of lymphocyte is far less numerous than T or B cells and chemically lyse foreign cell membranes? | Natural killer cells
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| What leukocytes are stationary in specific organs? | Fixed
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| Fixed lymphocytes are found in the? | Liver, spleen, RBM, and lymph nodes
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| What leukocytes can squeeze between capillary endothelial cells into tissue? | Fixed leukocytes
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| Some leukocytes are capable of locomotion by an _______ motion? | Amoeboid
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| An increased WBC count that can indicate infection or leukemia is called? | Leukocytosis
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| What is low WBC count called? | Leukopenia
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| What can indicate disease (TB) or exposure to radiation or benzene? | Leukopenia
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| WBCs have types like the RBCs called? | Human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
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| Platelets are AKA? | Thrombocytes
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| Fragments of cells called __________ circulate for 5-9 days? | Megakaryocytes
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| Thrombopoietin is produced in the? | Liver
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| Thrombopoietin increases? | Thrombocytogenesis
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| What is a low platelet count called? | Thrombocytopenia
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| The prevention of blood loss is called? | Hemostasis
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| The 3 mechanisms for prevention of blood loss are? | Vascular spasm, platelet plugs, and chemical clotting
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| What happends during vascular spasm? | Myogenic response- smooth muscle in large arteries spasm to clamp off flow and platelets in the are release serotonin which causes vasoconstriction and allows clot to block flow
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| What happens with platelet plugs? | When small vessels like capillaries break, negatively charged collagen fibers cause platelets to become spike and sticky
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| What happens during chemical clotting? | negatively charged collagen fibers cause platelets to become spiky and sticky
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| Clotting is a sequence3 of chemical reactions called a? | Cascade
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| What happens during stage 1 of clotting? | Formation of prothrombin activator
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| What happens during stage 2 of clotting? | Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin
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| What happens during stage 3 of clotting? | Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
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| What is a thread-like protein, forms a mesh, and traps RBCs and platelets? | Fibrin
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| What is the folding of fibrin fibers called? | Clot retraction
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| What pulls edges of wound closer to make area of healing smaller? | Clot retraction
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| What is Platelet derived growth factor? | Chemical released by platelets that stimulate repair of blood vessels
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| The dissolution of the clot as healing takes place is called? | Fibrinolysis
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| What prevents the initiation of clotting? | Neutral charge and smoothness of endothelium of vessels
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| Heparin is released by? | Basophils
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| Heparin is an? | Anticoagulant
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| Anti-thrombin is produced by the? | Liver
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| Anti-thrombin inactivates excess? | Thrombin
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| What does excess thrombin cause? | A positive feedback mechanism that converts more thrombin from prothrombin
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| Clotting an intact vessel is called? | Thrombosis
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| The clot formed in the intact vessel is called? | Thrombus
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| Thrombosis in the lower extremities is often caused by? | Inactivity
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| A dislodged thrombus is called an? | Embolism
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| What can cause an infarct elsewhere from the site of origin? | Embolism
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