Blood
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| The blood consists of __________, __________, and __________. | RBCs, WBCs, platelets.
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| The amount of blood within the body ___________ with the size of a person. | Varies.
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| The amount of blood within the body is in the range of _____ to _____ liters. | 4-6.
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| The blood cells make up _____ to _____ of the total blood. | 38%-48%.
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| The blood plasma makes up _____ to _____ of the total blood. | 52%-62%.
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| The normal pH range of blood is ____ to ____. | 7.35-7.45
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| The pH range is slightly ________. | Alkaline.
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| The viscosity of blood refers to it's _______. | Thickness.
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| The presence of ________ and ________ make blood more viscous than water. | Blood cells, Plasma proteins.
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| Blood plasma is approximately ___ water. | 91%
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| The water of plasma is a ________. | Solvent.
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| Substances may _______ in the water of plasma and be transported. | Dissolve.
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| Two types of substances that are transported in dissolved form in the plasma are ________ and ________. | Nutrients, waste products.
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| Carbon dioxide is carried in the plasma in the form of ________ ions. | Bicarbonate.
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| The chemical form of Bicabonate is _____. | HCO3-
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| The plasma protein _______ is the most abundant plasma protein. | Albumin.
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| The plasma protein _______ is only synthesized by the liver. | Albumin.
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| The plasma protein _______ pulls tissue fluid into capillaries to maintain blood volume. | Albumin.
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| The _________ help prevent blood loss when blood vessels rupture. | Clotting factors.
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| The _________ include fibrinogen and prothrombin. | Clotting factors.
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| The _________ are synthesized only by the liver. | Clotting factors.
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| The plasma protein ________ include antibodies. | Glogulins.
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| The _________ are synthesized by lymphocytes ot by the liver. | Glogulins.
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| The plasma protein ________ include carrier molecules for fats in the blood. | Glogulins.
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| The term hemopoietic tissue means a tissue in which _________ are formed. | Blood cells.
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| Blood cells are formed in ________ tissue. | Hemopoietic.
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| The primary hemopoietic tissue is ________. | Red bone marrow.
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| Red bone marrow is found in ________ and _______ bones. | Flat, irregular.
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| In the red bone marrow, the precursor cell for blood cells is called a _________. | Stem cell.
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| Stem cells constantly undergo the process of ________ to produce new cells. | Mitosis.
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| The types of blood cells formed in red bone marrow are ________, ________, and ________. | RBCs, WBCs, platelets.
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| Lymphatic tissue is found in __________ organs. | Lymphatic.
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| The lymphatic organs are the _______, _______, and _______. | Spleen, lymph nodes, thymus gland.
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| The stem cells of lymphatic tissue produce the WBCs called _________. | Lymphocytes.
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| RBCs are also called _________. | erythrocytes.
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| Erythrocytes (RBCs) are formed in ____________. | Red bone marrow.
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| The major cellular structure mature RBCs lack is a ________. | Nucleus.
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| The center of a RBC is ________ than the edge. | Thinner.
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| The oxygen-carrying protein in RBCs is ________. | Hemoglobin.
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| The oxygen-carrying mineral in hemoglobin is ________. | Iron.
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| RBCs pick up oxygen when they circulate through the ________ capillaries. | Pulmonary.
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| The pulmonary capillaries are in the _______. | Lungs.
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| RBCs release oxygen in ________ capillaries. | Systemic.
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| The major regulating factor for RBC production is the amount of ________ in the blood. | Oxygen.
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| The term ________ means lack of oxygen/low blood oxygen level. | Hypoxia.
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| When hypoxia occurs the kidneys produce a hormone called_________. | Erythropoietin.
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| Erythropoietin stimulates the red bone marrow to increase the rate of ________ production. | RBC.
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| In RBC formation, the last stage with a nucleus is called a ________. | Normoblasts.
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| The stage in which fragments of ER are present is called a ________. | Reticulocyte.
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| When immature RBCs are present in large numbers of circulating blood, it means that there are not enough ______ to transport sufficient _________ throughout the body. | Mature RBCs, oxygen.
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| The nutrients needed for RBC formation include ________ and ________. | Protein, iron.
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| The extrinsic factor is ________. | Vitamin B12.
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| Vitamin B12 is needed for the synthesis of _____ by the stem cells in the red bone marrow. | DNA.
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| The intrinsic factor is produced by the lining of the ________(organ). | Stomach.
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| The function of the intrinsic factor is to prevent the digestion of ________ and promote its absorbtion in the ________ intestine. | Vitamin B12, small.
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| The life span of RBCs is approximately ____ days. | 120.
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| Macrophages(RE cells) that phagocytize old RBCs are found in the ________, ________, and ________. | Liver, spleen, red bone marrow.
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| The iron from old RBCs may be stored in the ________. | Liver.
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| The iron from old RBCs that is not stored in the liver may be transported to the __________ for the synthesis of new ________. | Red bone marrow, hemoglobin.
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| The globin portion of the hemoglobin is digested to __________. | Amino acids.
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| Amino acids may be used in the process of __________. | Protein synthesis.
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| The heme portion of the hemoglobin of old RBCs is converted to _________. | Bilirubin.
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| Bilirubin is considered to be a _________. | Waste product.
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| Bilirubin is removed from circulation by the ________(organ) and excreted to ________. | Liver, bile.
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| The colon eliminates bilirubin in ________. | Feces.
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| When the blood level of bilirubin rises, the whites of the eyes appear yellow. This is called ________. | Jaundice.
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| The range of a normal RBC count is ____ to ____ million cells/mL | 4.5 - 6.0
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| The range of a normal hematocrit(Hct) is ____ to ____. | 38%-48%
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| The range of a normal hemoglobin(Hb) level is ____ to ____ grams g/100mL. | 12-18.
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| The two most important RBC types are the ____ group and the ____ factor. | ABO, Rh.
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| The ABO group contains four blood types, which are ___, ___, ___, and ___. | A, B, AB, O.
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| The Rh factor is another ____ antigen; and is often called ___. | RBC, D.
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| A person who is Rh positive has this D antigen on the ____. | RBCs.
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| A person who is Rh ________ does not have the D antigen on the RBCs. | Negative.
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| White blood cells are also called ________. | Luekocytes.
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| The five kinds of WBCs are in two groups called ________ and ________. | Granular, agranular.
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| The granular WBCs are the ________, ________, and ________. | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.
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| A ________ is a immature neutrophil. | Band cell.
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| The agranular WBCs are the ________ and ________. | Lymphocytes, monocytes.
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| WBCs have ________ present when the cells mature. | Nuclei.
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| The general function of WBCs is to protect the body from _________and to provide _________. | Infection, immunity.
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| What is the most abundant phagocyte? | Neutrophils.
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| What WBC becomes macrophages to phagocytize pathogens or damaged tissue. | Monocytes.
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| What lymphocyte helps recognize foreign antigens? | T lymphocytes.
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| These lymphocytes become plasma cells that produce antibodies. | B lymphocytes.
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| Basophils contain _________ to prevent abnormal blood clotting. | Heparin.
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| Basophils contain _________, which contributes to inflammation. | Histamine.
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| The WBCs that detoxify foreign proteins. | Eosinphils.
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| The range of normal WBC count is _____ to _____ cells/mL. | 5,000 - 10,000.
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| A high WBC count is called _________. | Leukocytosis.
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| Leukocytosis often indicates ________. | Infection.
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| A low WBC count is called _________. | Leukopenia.
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| The normal range for Neutrophils is ____ to ____. | 55% to 70%.
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| The normal range for Lymphocytes is ____ to ____. | 20% to 35%.
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| The normal range for Monocytes is ____ to ____. | 3% to 8%.
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| The normal range for Eosinophils is ____ to ____. | 1% to 3%.
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| The normal range for Basophils is ____ to ____. | 0.5% to 1%.
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| HLA are antigen found on _____. | WBCs.
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| The normal purpose of HLA what? | To provide a comparison for the immune system to be able to recognize foreign objects.
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| Platelets are also called ________. | Thrombocytes.
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| The platelets thrombocytes are formed in ________. | Red bone marrow.
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| Platelets are fragments of the large bone marrow cells called ________. | Megakaryocytes.
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| What is produced by the liver and increases the rate of platelet formation? | Thrombopoeitin.
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| The function of platelets is the ________ of ________ loss. | Prevention, blood.
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| There are _______ mechanisms of hemostasis. | Three.
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| The three mechanisms of hemostasis are ________, ________, and ________. | Vascular spasm, platelet plugs, chemical clotting.
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| Vascular spasm is the mecahism of hemostasis necessary in large vessels that are ________ or ________. | Ruptured, cut.
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| What tissue in arteries and veins permits them to constrict? | Smooth muscle.
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| Smooth muscle contracts in response to ________. | Serotonin released by platelets.
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| Platelet plugs are the only effective mechaism for rupture of ________(type of vessel). | Capillaries.
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| The range of a normal platelet count is _____to _____ cells/mL. | 150,000 - 300,000.
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| The term for a low platelet count is ________. | Thrombocytopenia.
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| The stimulus for chemical clotting is ________ surface within a vessel or a break in a vessel that also creates a _______ surface. | Rough, rough.
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| The clotting factors prothrombin and fibrinogen are synthesized by the _________. | Liver.
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| Prothrombin and fibrinogen circulate in the ________ until activated in the clotting mechanism. | Blood plasma.
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| The vitamin necessary for prothrombin synthesis is ________. | Vitamin K.
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| Most vitamin K is produced by the bacteria in the persons own ________. | Colon.
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| The mineral necessary for chemical clotting is ________. | Calcium.
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| The body stores calcium in the ________. | Bones.
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| Stage 1 of chemical clotting involves chemical factors released by ________ and other chemicals from ________ tissues. | Platelets, damaged.
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| The result of stage 1 is the formation of ________. | Prothrombin activator.
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| In stage 2 prothrombin acivator converts prothrombin to _______. | Thrombin.
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| In stage 3 thrombin converts fibrinogen to ________. | Fibrin.
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| The clot itself is made of ________. | Fibrin.
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| The fibrin forms a mesh over the break in the ________. | Vessel.
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| The process of clot ________ pulls the edges of the break in the vessel together. | Retraction.
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| Once a clot has accomplished its function, it is dissolved in a process called ________. | Fibrinolysis.
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| The endothelium(simple squamous) epithelium that lines blood vessels is very smooth and ________ platelets. | Repels.
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| An anticoagulant produced by basophils is ________. | Heparin..
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| Antithrombin is produced by the _______ to inactivate excess thrombin. | Liver.
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| If excess thrombin is not activated, clotting may become a _________ cycle of harmful clotting. | Viscious.
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| The term for an abnormal clot in an intact vessel is ________. | Thrombus.
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| The term for a clot that dislodges and travels to another vessel is _________. | Embolism.
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| The general functions of blood are ________, ________, and _________. | Transportation, regulation, protection.
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| The blood is a transportation system for ________, ________, _________, __________. | Nutrients, waste products, gases, hormomes.
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| Blood helps regulate _________. | Body temperature.
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| White blood cells protect against _________. | Pathogens.
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| Blood is _____ to _____ blood cells called ________. | 38%-48%, formed elements.
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| The liquid part plasma makes up ____ to ____ of the blood. | 52%-62%.
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| Arterial blood is bright _____ because of oxygen. | Red.
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| Veinus blood is ________ and looks blue under the skin. | Darker.
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| The pH of venous blood is usually slightly ________ because of carbon dioxide. | Lower.
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| Blood is 3 to 5 times _________ thicker than water. | Thicker.
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| Plasma is the ________ part of blood. | Liquid.
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| Plasma is 91% ________. | Water.
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| Plasma proteins contain the clotting factors ________, and ________. | Prothrombin, fibrinogen.
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| Prothrombin and fibrinogen are syntesized by the ________. | Liver.
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| Albumin is the most _________ plasma protein and is synthesized by the ________. | Abundant, liver.
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| Albumin contributes to __________ pressure. | Colloid osmotic.
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| Albumin pulls tissue(interstitial) fluid to the _________. | Capillaries.
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| The globulins Alpha and Beta are made in the _______. | Liver.
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| Alpha and Beta globulins are carriers for _________ and other molecules. | Fat.
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| Gamma(antigens) produced by lymphocytes initiate ________. | Immunity.
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| Blood can be redirected to various parts of the body to distribute _________ to or from areas by ________ or ________ vessels. | Heat, dialating, constricting.
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| Blood cells are produced from _________. | Stem cells.
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| Stem cells are in _________ tissue. | Hemopoietic.
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| Red blood cells are found in _________ bone. | Spongy.
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| Spongy bone located in _________ bones and ________ of _________ bones. | Flat, epiphysis, long.
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| Lymphocytes mature in or are produced in _________ tissue from ________ cells. | Lymphatic, stem.
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| Lymphocytes can be found in the ________, ________, and _________. | Spleen, Thymus gland, lymph nodes.
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| T-lymphocytes are produced from stem cells in the ________. | Thymus.
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| RBCs are the only cell with no __________. | Neucleus.
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| The RBCs neucli __________ during development. | Disintegrates.
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| Hematocrit is a measurement of ______. | RBCs.
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