Pathology Qtr 3
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| The liquid portion of the blood | Plasma
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| Name the 3 types of cells suspended in the blood plasma | Red Blood Cells, White Blood Cells, Thrombocytes (Platelets)
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| AKA Erythrocytes *Carry oxygen to the body tissues *Remove carbon dioxide *Most numerous of the blood cells | Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
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| An immature red blood cell | Erythroblast
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| AKA Leukocytes *Important part of the defense system *5 types: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes | White Blood Cells (WBCs)
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| Cells involved in the process of clot formation | Platelets/Thrombocytes
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| A decrease in the number of RBCs and/or hemoglobin *Results in a diminished supply of oxygen to the body tissues | Anemia
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| Name the 2 primary types of anemia | Primary & Secondary
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| Decreased production of RBCs | Primary Anemias
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| Increased loss or destruction of RBCs AKA Hemolytic Anemias | Secondary Anemias
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| *Primary Anemia *Associated with older age *Results from a lack of vitamin B12 *Characterized by a smooth, red, painful tongue and damage to the nervous system | Pernicious Anemia
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| *Primary Anemia *Virtual stoppage of blood cell formation in the bone marrow *May be related to drugs, radiation, chemical agents, etc | Aplastic Anemia
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| *Hemolytic Anemia (Secondary) *Genetic defect in the manufacture of hemoglobin *Results in an abnormal crescent shaped RBC *Very common in people of African descent | Sickle-Cell Anemia
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| *Hemolytic Anemia (Secondary) *Problem of blood incompatibility between a mother and her unborn fetus | Erythroblastosis Fetalis
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| An increase in the number of circulating WBCs | Leukocytosis
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| A malignancy of the hemopoietic tissues of the body *Somtimes referred to as "Cancer of the Blood" | Leukemia
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| How many major types of leukemia are there? | 4
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| A decrease in WBCs | Leukopenia
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| An increase in the number of blood cells in the body | Polycythemia
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| An increase in RBCs AKA Polycythemia Vera *treated by phosphorus 32 | Erythrocytosis
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| A hereditary bleeding disorder characterized by a greatly prolonged clotting time | Hemophilia
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| Type of hemophilia that is due to the lack of the blood clotting factor VIII | Hemophilia A
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| Type of hemophilia that is due to a lack of the blood clotting factor IX AKA Christmas Disease | Hemophilia B
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| A decreased number of platelets in the blood | Thrombocytopenia
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| Widespread, spontaneous hemorrhages into the skin and mucous membranes | Purpura
(Thrombocytopenic Purpura)
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| Bruise-like patches of hemorrhage under the skin | Ecchymosis
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| Small, red spots of hemorrhage often described as "pin point" hemorrhages | Petechiae
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| Massive bleeding from anywhere in the body | Exsanguination
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| A decrease in the level of oxygen within a tissue | Hypoxia
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| The presence of blood in the urine | Hematuria
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| A condition which refers to excess blood in a body part | Hyperemia (Congestion)
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| Excess blood in a body part which was actively (purposely) taken there by the arterial system | Active Hyperemia
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| If the active hyperemia results from a normal, healthy bodily function it is known as... | Active Physiological Hyperemia
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| If the active hyperemia is a result from some disease process it is known as... | Active Pathological Hyperemia
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| Occurs when venous drainage from an area is decreased *always pathological & may be localized or generalized | Passive Hyperemia
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| Localized Passive Hyperemia can be caused by.... | *Clot formation in a vein
*Thickening of vessel walls
*Pressure from an outside lesion
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| Passive Hyperemia that is normally the result of a heart disorder which affects the efficiency of the heart's pumping action | Generalized Passive Hyperemia
AKA Hypostatic Congestion
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| Bluish discolorationof the tissues | Cyanosis
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| The formation of a solid mass (blood clot) within the heart or vessels of the body | Thrombosis
*the mass is also known as a thrombus
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| The condition of an object having floated through the bloodstream and causing an obstruction of a vessel | Embolism
*the object is referred to as an embolus
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| Refers to decreased blood flow to a body part | Ischemia
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| An area of tissue which was deprived of its blood supply dies, when as a result of ischemia is known as.... | Infarction AKA Ischemic Necrosis
*the area of dead tissue is known as an infarct
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| The escape of blood from the vascular system | Hemorrhage
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| Tumor-like swelling filled with blood ex: Blood Blister | Hematoma
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| Very dark, tarry feces or vomitus | Melena
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| Bleeding into the pleural cavity | Hemothorax
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| Bleeding into the pericardial cavity | Hemapericardium
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| Bleeding into the peritoneal cavity | Hemoperitoneum
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| Blood in the sputum (or from the lungs) | Hemoptysis
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| Blood in the vomit (or from the stomach) | Hematemesis
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| Bleeding from the nose | Epistaxis
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| The process of blood changing from a liquid, free-flowing state to a semi-solid state | Coagulation
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| The condition that results from a serious reduction of blood flow in the body resulting in reduced oxygen supply to the tissues | Circulatory Shock
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| A mild form of shock due to a temporary decrease of blood flow to the brain | Fainting (Syncope)
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| An excess accumulation of fluid in the tissues of the body | Edema
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| Generalized or widespread edema | Anasarca
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| Edema which collects around an inflammation site | Exudate
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| Edema of the pleural cavity | Hydrothorax
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| Edema of the pericardial cavity | Hydropericardium
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| Edema of the peritoneal cavity | Ascites
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| A decrease in total body fluids | Dehydration (Dessication)
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| Inner layer of epithelial tissue in the heart | Endothelium
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| Middle layer of muscle tissue in the heart | Myocardium
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| Outer layer or tissue of the heart | Epicardium
(visceral portion of the pericardium)
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| Name the two layers of the pericardium | *Fibrous Pericardium -> outer layer
*Serous Pericardium -> inner layer
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| Name the two layers of the serous pericardium | *Parietal Serous Pericardium
*Visceral Serous Pericardium (epicardium)
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| Two upper chambers that serve as the receiving chambers of the heart | Atria
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| Two lower chambers that serve as pumping chambers of the heart | Ventricles
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| Name the three vessels that open into the right atrium; transport O2 poor blood | *Superior Vena Cava
*Inferior Vena Cava
*Coronary Sinus
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| Name the valve connecting the right atrium and right ventricle | Tricuspid
aka Right Atrioventricular Valve
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| Name the valve connecting the left atrium and left ventricle | Mitral, Bicuspid
aka Left Atrioventricular Valve
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| Name the valve O2 poor blood passes through to leave the right ventricle | Pulmonary Semi-lunar Valve
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| Name the valve O2 rich blood passes through to leave the left ventricle | Aortic Semi-lunar Valve
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| Shortness of breath | Dyspnea
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| A quivering or spontaneous contraction of the individual cardiac cells | Fibrillation
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| The area between the two layers of the pericardium become inflamed | Pericarditis
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| An increase in the size of the heart due to an increase in the size of the muscle fibers | Hypertrophy
ex: athletic heart
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| An increase in the size of the heart or chamber due to a stretching of the muscle fibers in the walls of the chamber | Dilatation
ex: pathological heart
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| Blocking or closing off of the coronary arteries *Caused by arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, thrombosis, embolism | Occlusion
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| Decreased blood flow | Ischemia
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| Death of heart tissue due to a lack of blood supply | Myocardial Infarction
*area of dead tissue = infarct
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| The various changes which occur in the heart as a result of prolonged pumping against unusual resistance | Hypertensive Heart Disease
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| High blood pressure | Hypertension
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| Indicates the arterial pressure upon the vascular walls | Systolic Pressure
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| Indicates the pressure within the arteries when the ventricles of the heart are relaxing and filling back up with blood | Diastolic Pressure
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| The narrowing of an opening or passageway | Stenosis
aka Stricture
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| One or more of the cusps of the heart valve turns backwards into the atrium upon ventricular contraction | Prolapse
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| Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart or heart valves | Bacterial Endocarditis
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| Characterized by chronic thrombi (vegetations) which occur on the valves | Sub-acute Bacterial Endocarditis (SBE)
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| Inflammation of the heart muscle | Myocarditis
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| A febrile systemic disease which normally follows an attack of tonsillitis or strep | Rheumatic Fever
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| An excessive amount of fluid accumulates in the pericardial sac and restricts the heart | Cardiac Tamponade
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| Small nodules that form in the heart caused by rheumatic fever | Aschoff's Bodies
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| A general term given to the condition in which the heart is diseased and not able to adequately pump blood to meet the body's needs | Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
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| Disease of the heart muscle | Cardiomyopathy
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| The opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta fails to close | Patent Ductus Arteriosus
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| Bluish discoloration to the skin | Cyanosis
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| The arteries of the heart become hardened, thickened, and inelastic as a result of the deposition of calcium in the walls | Arteriosclerosis
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| Deposition of fatty deposits (plaque) in the artery walls | Atherosclerosis
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| A localized weakening and dilation of an artery wall | Aneurysm
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| Rupture of a cerebral aneurysm | Stroke
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| Bulging, sac-like dilation on the wall of an artery | Saccular Aneurysm
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| Tubular swelling of the artery around the entire circumference of an artery | Fusiform Aneurysm
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| Weakening and separation between the walls of an artery | Dissecting Aneurysm
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| Inflammation of an artery | Arteritis
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| Inflammation of veins | Phlebitis
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| Veins that become dilated and torturous | Varicose Veins
aka Varices
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| Chest pain associated with heart attacks | Angina
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| Inflammation of veins that cause clots | Thrombophlebitis
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| Ventricular Defect+Aorta shifts to the right+Coarction of the Pulmonary Artery+Right Ventricular Hypertrophy | Tetrology of Fallot
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| Self digestion of tissues by cellular enzymes | Autolysis
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| Surgical procedure to create an opening of a portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its skin surface | Colostomy
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| Surgery to remove the colon and rectum | Proctocolectomy
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| Difficulty in swallowing | Dysphagia
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| Name the three segments of the small intestine | *Duodenum
*Jejunum
*Ileum
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| Name the four segments of the large intestine | *Cecum
*Colon
*Rectum
*Anal Canal
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| Inflammation of the mouth (oral mucosa) | Stomatitis
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| Condition characterized by the formation of tiny white ulcers which form at the base of the gums, lips, & cheeks | Aphthous Stomatitis
*Ulcers = canker sores
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| A fungal infection of the oral cavity caused by Candida albicans | Thrush
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| Caused by herpes simplex I | Cold Sores
aka Fever Blisters
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| Inflammatory lesions in the mouth caused by Treponema pallidum | Mucous Patches
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| Inflammation of the gums (gingiva) | Gingivitis
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| Inflammation of the tongue | Glossitis
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| Inflammation of the tonsils | Tonsilitis
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| Inflammation of the pharynx (throat) | Pharyngitis
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| Inflammation of the esophagus | Esophagitis
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| Inflammation of the stomach | Gastritis
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| Vomiting of blood from the stomach | Hematemesis
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| Heartburn | Dyspepsia
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| A localized area of necrosis on the skin or mucous membrane | Ulcer
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| Ulcers which occur in the stomach and duodenum (caused by Helicobacter pylori) | Peptic Ulcers
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| Infection of the lining membrane of the abdominal cavity | Peritonitis
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| Inflammation of the small intestine | Enteritis
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| Inflammation of the colon | Colitis
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| Inflammation of the rectum | Proctitis
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| Inflammation of the vermiform appendix | Appendicitis
*treated by an appendectomy
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| The condition of having one or more diverticula | Diverticulosis
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| Abnormal sac or pouch in the walls of a hollow organ | Diverticula
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| Inflammation of diverticula | Diverticulitis
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| Varicose veins in the rectal areas | Hemorrhoids
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| Protrusion of an organ through the walls of the body cavity in which it is contained | Hernia
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| A twisting loop of intestine | Volvulus
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| Slipping or telescoping of one segment of intestine into the succeeding one | Intussusception
aka Invagination
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| Scar tissue forms and loops of the bowel adhere together where they normally would not | Adhesions
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| Inflammation of the liver | Hepatitis
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| Food borne or water borne illness, usually a less serious form of hepatitis | Hepatitis A
aka Infectious Hepatitis
+caused by Hepatitis A virus
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| Blood borne pathogen likely transmitted through contaminated body fluid; may result in chronic hepatitis & perm. liver damage | Hepatitis B
aka Serum Hepatitis
+caused by Hepatitis B virus
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| The "silent epidemic", higher risk of chronic liver disease, also a blood borne pathogen | Hepatitis C
aka non-A, non-B Hepatitis
+caused by Hepatitis C virus
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| A long-term degeneration of the functioning cells of the liver with a proliferation of fibrous connective tissue & scarring | Cirrhosis
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| Due to the build up of bile pigments (bilirubin) in the bloodstream | Jaundice
aka Icterus
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| Inflammation of the gallbladder | Cholecystitis
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| Formation of gall stones | Cholelithiasis
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| Inflammation of the bile ducts | Cholangitis
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| Inflammation of the pancreas | Pancreatitis
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| Inflammatory bowel disease | Crohn's Disease
aka Ileitis
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