Chapter 5
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| bloodstream | the flowing blood in the circulatory system
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| blood | the fluid that circulates and pumps in the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
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| plasma | liquid straw colored part of the blood and blood cells
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| hematology | a medical science that deals with the blood and blood-forming organs
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| hematologist | the medical specialist/physician involved in the study of blood
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| solutes | dissolved substances
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| red blood cells or RBC | erythrocytes are responsible for transporting the oxygen and carbon dioxide to and from the body tissues
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| biconcave | concave shaped on both sides and are thinner in the center than around the edges
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| reticulocytes | an immature form of the erythrocytes that are released into the bloodstream via the bone marrow
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| spleen | largest saclike lymph organ in the body
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| hemoglobin or Hgb | an iron protein substance which is the oxygen carrying substance
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| oxyhemoglobin | substance that gives blood its red color
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| complete blood count or CBC | a blood test performed to measure the amount of red blood cells in a blood sample
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| hematocrit or Hct | measures the percentage of red blood cells in the volume of blood
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| white blood cells or WBC | leukocytes, another formed element in the blood
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| granulocytes | category of white blood cells that functions in our body defenses, have granules in their cytoplasm
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| agranulocytes | category of white blood cells which do not have granules in their cytoplasm
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| neutrophils | most numerous of the granulocytes; do not absorb stain or dye, and appear neutral in color
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| phagocytosis | process by which bacteria is destroyed to fight infection
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| eosinophils | type of white blood cell, helps to defend the body against an allergic reaction by increasing in number
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| basophils | type of white blood cell, helps the body respond to an allergic reaction by releasing histamine and heparin
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| histamine | increases the blood flow during allergic reactions
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| heparin | prevents the blood from clotting
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| monocytes | largest of the white blood cells
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| lymphocytes | smallest white blood cell, attack specific organisms
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| T lymphocytes | type of lymphocyte which directly attack an infected cell
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| B lymphocytes | type of lymphocyte which produces antibodies which destroy bacteria
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| thrombocytes | platelets - small disc shaped fragments responsible for normal blood coagulation or clotting
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| megakaryocytes | large cells in the bone marrow
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| coagul/o | clotting
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| cyt/o | cell
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| eosin/o | red, rosy
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| erythr/o | red
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| granul/o | granules
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| hem/o | blood
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| hemat/ | blood
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| is/o | equal
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| kary/o | nucleus
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| leuk/o | white
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| nucle/o | nucleus
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| splen/o | spleen
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| thromb/o | clot, thrombus
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| vascul/o | blood vessel
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| vas/o | blood vessel
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| angi/o | blood vessel
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| ateri/o | artery
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| capillar/o | capillary
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| blast/o | immature cell
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| agglutin/o | to clump
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| morph/o | form, shape
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| bas/o | base
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| a | no, not, without
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| an | no, not, without
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| mono | one
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| macro | large
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| poly | many
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| pan | all
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| emia | blood condition
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| globin | protein
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| penia | deficiency, decreased number
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| ia | condition
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| stasis | stopping or controlling
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| cyte | cell
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| pathy | disease
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| osis | abnormal condition
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| poiesis | formation
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| oid | like, resembling
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| lysis | destruction
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| rrhage | excessive flow, bursting forth
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| logy | study of
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| crit | number of blood cells
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| antigen | the substance present on the surface of the red blood cell
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| agglutinogen | the substance present on the surface of the red blood cell
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| blood transfusion | transfer of blood into a vein
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| donor | the person who gives the blood
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| recipent | the person who recieves
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| antigen | substance on cells that causes an antibody to form; can cause an allergic reaction
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| agglutinogen | an antigen whose presence results in the formation of an agglutinin
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| antibodies | formed in response to an antigen entering the body; helps to defend the body
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| agglutinate | combine into a clump or mass
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| blood transfusion | transfer of blood into a vein
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| donor | the person who gives the blood
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| recipient | the person who receives the blood, to prevent agglutination
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| cross-matching | done in the laboratory; matches donor and receipt blood type
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| type A blood | has A antigen on its surface but no A antibodies; does have in its plasma Anti-B antibodies
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| type B blood | has B antigen on its surface and Anti-A antibodies in its plasma
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| type AB blood | has AB antigen on its surface and no antibodies are present
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| type O blood | has no antigens present; carries both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies in its plasma
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| universal donor | a person who has type O blood
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| universal recipient | a person who has type AB blood
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| coagulation | the clotting of blood
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| hemostasis | the process by which the platelets, plasma, and coagulation factors interact to control bleeding from an injury
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| thrombus | a clot that forms and lodges in an uninjured blood vessel
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| anemia | deficiency in the quantity and or quality of the blood
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| dyscrasia | abnormal condition of the blood or bone marrow
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| erythremia | abnormal increase in the number of red blood cells
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| edema | abnormal accumulation of fluid in the within the spaces of tissues
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| hemorrhage | loss of a large amount of blood in a short period of time, either internally or externally
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| pancytopenia | notable reduction in the number of red and white blood cells and platelets
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| septicemia | systemic infection in which pathogens are present in the bloodstream, spreading an infection in any part of the body
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| splenomegaly | abnormal enlargement of the spleen
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| thrombocytopenia | abnormal condition where the number of platelets are reduced
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| leukemia | excessive uncontrolled increased of immature white blood cells in the blood
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| immunity | condition of being resistant to or protected from a disease
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| immunologist | medical specialist who is involved in the study of disorders of the immune system
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| oncologist | the medical specialist involved with the treatment of malignant tumors and cancers
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| lymph fluid (lymph) | a clear, colorless fluid that contains a liquid protein
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| lymph capillaries | smallest lymph vessel, collects and carries lymph fluid to larger vessels
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| lymphatic vessels | moves fluid in one direction away from the tissues
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| lymphatic ducts | larger lymph drainage vessels
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| left lymphatic ducts | thoracic duct
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| right lymphatic ducts | a vessel draining lymph from the cranial right side of the body, receiving lymph from the right subclavian, jugular and mediastinal trunks when those vessels do not open independently into the right brachiocephalic vein
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| lymph nodes | any of the rounded masses of lymphoid tissue that are surrounded by a capsule of connective tissue, are distributed along the lymphatic vessels
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| phagocytes | a cell (as a white blood cell) that engulfs and consumes foreign material (as microorganisms) and debris
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| macrophages | functions in the destruction of foreign antigens (as bacteria and viruses
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| cervical | neck area
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| axillary | underarm area
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| inguinal | groin area
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| submandibular | under the jaw area of the body
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| thymus | lymph and endocrine gland
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| thymosin | responsible for stimulating the red bone marrow
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| hemolytic | it removes and destroys the old red blood cells
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| splenectomy | surgical removal of the spleen
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| tonsils | masses of lymphatic tissue which form a protective ring around the entrance to the respiratory system and are located inside the mouth and at the back of the throat
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| adenoids | one of three groups of tonsils, called nasopharyngeal tonsils, located near opening of the nasal cavity into the pharynx
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| palatine | one of three groups of tonsils, are found on each side of the throat that is visible through the mouth at the back of the oral cavity
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| lingual | one of three groups of tonsils are located at the base of the tongue
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| tonsillitis | inflammation of the tonsils
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| tonsillectomy | surgical removal of the tonsils
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| lymph/o | lymph fluid
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| lymphaden/o | lymph node, gland
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| lymphangi/o | lymph vessel
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| thym/o | thymus gland
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| immun/o | protection, safe
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| myel/o | bone marrow
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| tonsill/o | tonsils
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| angi/o | vessel
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| adenoid/o | adenoids
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| inter | between
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| al | pertaining to
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| oma | tumor
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| itis | inflammation
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| megaly | enlarged
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| hypersplenism | condition that exhibits the excessive destruction of one or more kinds of blood cells in the spleen
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| lymphadenopathy | disorder of the lymph nodes or vessels
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| splenorrhagia | bleeding from the spleen
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| lymphoma | tumor of the lymph tissue, usually malignant
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| multiple myeloma | malignant neoplasm of the bone marrow
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| lymphadenitis | inflammation of a lymph gland
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| lymphedema | abnormal accumulation of fluid, primarily the legs and ankles
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| pathogens | disease producing organisms
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| allergists | medical specialist who diagnoses and treats allergies and allergic reactions
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| skin | acts as a barrier to prevent invasion of organisms
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| respiratory system | a system of organs functioning in respiration and consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
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| digestive system | the bodily system concerned with the ingestion, digestion, and absorption of food
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| lymphatic system | fights harmful organisms once they enter the body
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| natural immunity | a permanent form of immunity to a specific illness
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| acquired immunity | immunity obtained when antibodies develop during infectious disease such as chickenpox
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| immunization | process of creating immunity that is acquired through the administration of vaccines for specific diseases
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| resistance | the body's ability to fight the effects of pathogens that cause disease
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| antigen (Ag) | substance on cells that causes an antibody to form, can cause allergic reaction
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| immune reaction/response | a bodily response to an antigen that occurs when lymphocytes identify the antigenic molecule as foreign and induce the formation of antibodies and lymphocytes capable of reacting with it and rendering it harmless
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| defense mechanism | the bodies' reaction to invading antigens
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| antibodies (Ab) | formed in response to an antigen entering the body, helps to defend the body
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| hematopoiesis | formation of blood cells
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| immunoglobulins | also known as antibodies, react with the antigen and destroy it
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| plasma cells | produce and secrete antibodies
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| carcin/o | cancerous
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| myel/o | bone marrow, spinal cord
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| path/o | disease
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| onc/o | tumor
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| hyper | excessive
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| inter | between
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| pan | all
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| endo | within
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| cyte | cell
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| ectomy | surgical removal
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| pathy | disease
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| ologist | specialist
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| autoimmune disorder | abnormal immune system causing the body's antibodies to react against its own tissues
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| hypersensitivity | allergy, an excessive reaction by the body to a particular antigen; local reaction occurs at the site where treatment or medications are given
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| anaphylaxis/anaphylactic shock | severe allergic response to a foreign substance where the antigen-antibody reaction stimulates a massive secretion of histamine
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| immunodeficiency disorder | when one or more parts of the immune system is deficient or absent
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| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | advanced stages of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - a bloodborne pathogen that invades and then progressively kills and damages the cells of the immune system
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| hypersplenism | enlarged spleen caused by the spleen destroying blood cells at an abnormally high rate; lymphoma - a malignant process beginning in the lymph nodes
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| bacterial infection | groups of one celled microscopic organisms causing illness; fungus & yeast - an infection causing inflammation & lesions on or in any organ, & viruses - which are very small infectious organisms that invade cells
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| bacterial infections | include tetanus, tuberculosis, rocky mountain spotted fever, & lyme disease; pharyngitis & endocarditis are caused by staphylococci which are bacteria that form irregular shaped clusters & by streptococci, which are the bacteria that form a chain shape
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| viral infections | include chickenpox, measles, infectious mononucleosis, mumps, and german measles
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