Exam 2 Review
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1. Connective tissue is made up of | show 🗑
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2. Matrix consists of | show 🗑
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show | Fibroblasts found in the matrix
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show | A sugary substance -> GAGs and PGs (glycosominoglycones and protoglycans)
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5. Ground substance has a very high affinity for | show 🗑
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show | Rigid the tissue becomes -> SO4 hangs onto water tightly and water provides the diffusion medium
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7. Ground substance does 3 things, what are they | show 🗑
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show | Collagen
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show | Most common type collagen fiber in the body found in Skin Dermis Tendon Bone Ligament Fascia Fibrous cartilage Cornea Loose fibrous tissue
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10. Type II is | show 🗑
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11. Type III | show 🗑
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show | Non-fibrous collagen of the basal lamina Basement membranes External lamina
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show | Chondroblasts -> active Chondrocyte -> inactive
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show | Osteoblasts -> active in making Osteoclasts -> breakdown bone
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15. Name majority cell in adipose | show 🗑
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16.Dense irregular CT can be found in | show 🗑
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show | Aponeuroses, tendons, and ligaments
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18. Starting below the basement membrane of the epidermis, what 2 layers will you find | show 🗑
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19. Name 3 parts of the integument and define tissue type | show 🗑
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20a. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 1.Tendons | show 🗑
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show | answer b)dense irregular CT
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show | answer b)dense irregular CT
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show | answer d)neither
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20e. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 5.Ligament | show 🗑
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21.Adipose tissue is made up of | show 🗑
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show | 1. Energy Storage 2. Calcium Storage 3. Immunological Barrier
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23. What are the two hormones that activate Ca^2+ storage? | show 🗑
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24. What type of tissue comes from Mesenchyme? | show 🗑
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show | Leptochromatic nucleus
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show | YES! Blood (hematopoietic stems)= cells + matrix(plasma) Cells: RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets Matrix(plasma): Ground substance(serum)+Fibers(Clotting factor)
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show | Loose CT-> 50/50 cells to matrix ratio
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28. Does loose CT contain blood vessels? | show 🗑
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29. The majority cell in loose CT is the | show 🗑
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30. Where do fibroblasts come from? (what type of cell) | show 🗑
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show | No. They synthesize the components of all parts of the matrix, but do not make the whole collagen fiber
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show | Marcophage
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show | Mesenchyme->start as hematopoietic stem cells->to monocytes->to macrophage
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34. What are some primary functions of macrophages? | show 🗑
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show | No, they are immigrant phagocytic cells in the CT
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36. Once macrophages differentiate in the tissue can they go back into the blood? | show 🗑
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show | Years
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show | 4 days or so
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show | B and T lymphocytes
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show | A type of white blood cell
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show | pachychromatic
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show | No
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43. What is a plasma cell? | show 🗑
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show | Macrophages and T-lymphocytes
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show | Lots of rough ER Secretory granules-> • contain antibodies/immunoglobulins (IgG)
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46. Where can you find mast cells? | show 🗑
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47. What do mast cells produce? | show 🗑
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48. What are mast cells called in the blood? | show 🗑
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49. Name the two mechanisms of degranulation in mast cells | show 🗑
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show | answer a) Calcitonin
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50b. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 2. increases blood Ca | show 🗑
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50c. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 3. regulate blood Ca levels | show 🗑
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50d. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 4. Osteoblasts activated | show 🗑
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show | answer b) Parathyroid
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50f. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 6. produced by an endocrine gland | show 🗑
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51. Which mechanism is more prominent? | show 🗑
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52. How does neurogenic inflammation work? | show 🗑
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53. What does Substance P release? | show 🗑
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54. Dense irregular CT is made up of | show 🗑
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55. Does Dense Irregular CT have more vasculature compared to loose CT? | show 🗑
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show | Fascia epimysium deep/superficial fascia perimysium
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57. Dense irregular tissue has the most cells out of the CT proper group. T/F | show 🗑
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show | How you loosen muscle fibers if too tight
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show | 72 hrs
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show | 55%
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61. Out of the 55% percent blood that is plasma, how much of the plasma is water? | show 🗑
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62. What is the most common plasma protein? | show 🗑
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show | Liver
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64. What does albumin do? | show 🗑
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show | Alpha, beta and gamma
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show | Transport molecules, clotting factors and inactive precursor molecules. Produced by the liver.
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67. What is another name for gamma globulins? | show 🗑
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show | Alpha-1 and alpha-2
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show | Antitrypsin and thyroxin binding globulin
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70. alpha-2 consists of several substances. What substance helps carry heme or hemoglobin to cells where they can be broken down | show 🗑
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71. .alpha-2 also has a substance that carries what vitamin to the liver | show 🗑
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72. Two other substances (aside from the substance that carries vitamin D to the liver) alpha-2 contains are | show 🗑
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show | Transferrin->transports iron to bone marrow and liver Plasminogen->dissolution of clots LDL cholesterol
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show | Antibodies (IgG’s made by the activated plasma cells)
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75. ELECTROLYTES: Ca++’s primary function is | show 🗑
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show | Maintenance of blood volume, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity. Balance is maintained in the kidney
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show | Creation of resting potential, sodium-potassium pump, muscle contraction, heart contraction. Hypokalemia is disease of decreased amounts of K+
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78. ELECTROLYTES: What disease is characterized be decreased amounts of K+? | show 🗑
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show | Nucleic acid synthesis, cofactor for many enzymes, ATP synthesis and usage, DNA and RNA synthesis
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80. ELECTROLYTES: Cl- | show 🗑
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show | Cl-
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show | Represents amount of solube CO2 in the blood. Produced by carbonic anydrases in the RBC->buffer
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show | 100mg/dl
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show | RBCs
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show | Vertebrae, pelvis, ribs, and sternum
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show | Blood loss anemia Hemolytic anemia->genetic, sickle cell Deficiency Anemia->folic acid and B12 deficiency
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show | 1-2%
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show | Bacterial infection debris
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89. When you think of allergic response and parasitical infections you think of what type of cell? | show 🗑
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90. When you think of the sister to a Mast Cell you think of what? | show 🗑
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91. The substance in the granules include: | show 🗑
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show | Interleukin-3
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show | Basophils and Mast cells
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94. Monocytes and lymphocytes are considered what type of cell? | show 🗑
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show | Macrophages
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show | In the tissues
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show | Interferon-gamma->marcrophages then phagocytose antigens and present them to B-lymphocytes
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98. Lymphocytes are a part of the | show 🗑
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99. What are the two types of lymphocytes? | show 🗑
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show | Thymus
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101. Where do B and T lymphocytes reside? | show 🗑
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show | Places where lymphocytes are housed in the mucosa of the oropharynx (MALT) and the gut (GALT)
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show | Adaptive immune system
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show | Helper –T cells that produces interleukins
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105. Name the natural killer cells | show 🗑
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106. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and macrophages, these cells are a part of what type of immune response | show 🗑
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107. Platelets are derived from what type of cell | show 🗑
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108. Normal number of platelets in the blood is | show 🗑
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109. Too many platelets = | show 🗑
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show | Thrombocytopenia
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111. Size of circulating cells from largest to smallest | show 🗑
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112. From most numerous to least numerous | show 🗑
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show | Biconcave disc approx 7.5 micro.m
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114. mm^3 = microL is the units for describing | show 🗑
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115. How many RBCs would you find in a normal hematorcit value? | show 🗑
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116. Normal hemoglobin for a male? Female? | show 🗑
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show | 1 Mesenchyme-embryonic cells 2 hematopoietic stem cells-adult 3 Pronormalblasts-caused by erythropoietin from kidney after 7 days 4 erythroblasts formation 5 erythroblast becomes reticulocyte for ~ 1day after entering BV-reticulocyte = still has nuc
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show | 1% of total blood volume
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show | Carry Oxygen
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show | Approx 120 days
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show | NOPE co2 quicky becomes HCO3->mediaded by carbonic anhydrase
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show | Neutrophils
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123. Neutrophil cells are the most common granulocyte and make up about what % of the total WBC | show 🗑
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124. What is the total WBC in normal circulating blood? | show 🗑
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show | Plasma cells (which are activated B cells)
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