Exam 2 Review
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| 1. Connective tissue is made up of | show 🗑
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| show | Fibers and Ground Substance
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| 3. Most common cell in CT is | show 🗑
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| 4. Ground substance is the diffusion medium of CT and is made up of | show 🗑
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| 5. Ground substance has a very high affinity for | show 🗑
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| show | Rigid the tissue becomes -> SO4 hangs onto water tightly and water provides the diffusion medium
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| show | Bind O2 Provide rigidity Immunological barrier
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| 8. The most common fiber in CT is | show 🗑
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| show | Most common type collagen fiber in the body found in Skin Dermis Tendon Bone Ligament Fascia Fibrous cartilage Cornea Loose fibrous tissue
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| 10. Type II is | show 🗑
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| 11. Type III | show 🗑
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| 12. Type IV is | show 🗑
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| show | Chondroblasts -> active Chondrocyte -> inactive
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| 14.Name majority cell in bone | show 🗑
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| 15. Name majority cell in adipose | show 🗑
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| show | Fascia and dermis
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| show | Aponeuroses, tendons, and ligaments
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| show | After the basement membrane you find: Dermis -> Loose CT and dense CT Subcutaneous layer ------------------------(below you will find) Superficial fascia Muscle Deep fascia
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| 19. Name 3 parts of the integument and define tissue type | show 🗑
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| show | answer a)dense regular CT
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| show | answer b)dense irregular CT
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| show | answer b)dense irregular CT
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| 20d. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 4. Endomyseum | show 🗑
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| show | answer a)dense regular CT
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| show | Triacylglycerols(TAG)->Neutral fat->Saturated Fat<-Triglyceride
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| 22. function of the CT is to | show 🗑
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| 23. What are the two hormones that activate Ca^2+ storage? | show 🗑
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| show | All CT All Myocardium Smooth muscle Endothelium Mesothelium Synovial bursas blood
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| 25. Does mesenchyme have leptochromatic or pacychromatic nucleus? | show 🗑
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| show | YES! Blood (hematopoietic stems)= cells + matrix(plasma) Cells: RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets Matrix(plasma): Ground substance(serum)+Fibers(Clotting factor)
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| show | Loose CT-> 50/50 cells to matrix ratio
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| show | YES! VERY VASCULAR
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| show | Fibroblasts
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| show | mesenchyme
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| 31. Can fibroblasts make a whole collagen molecule? | show 🗑
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| show | Marcophage
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| show | Mesenchyme->start as hematopoietic stem cells->to monocytes->to macrophage
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| 34. What are some primary functions of macrophages? | show 🗑
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| show | No, they are immigrant phagocytic cells in the CT
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| 36. Once macrophages differentiate in the tissue can they go back into the blood? | show 🗑
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| show | Years
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| show | 4 days or so
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| 39. What two types of lymphocytes can be found in the loose CT? | show 🗑
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| 40. What is a lymphocyte? | show 🗑
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| 41. What type of nucleus to lymphocytes contain? | show 🗑
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| show | No
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| show | Activated B-lymphocyte
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| show | Macrophages and T-lymphocytes
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| show | Lots of rough ER Secretory granules-> • contain antibodies/immunoglobulins (IgG)
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| show | found in loose CT, in the blood
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| show | Histamine, heparine, and other chemical mediators of INFLAMMATION!
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| 48. What are mast cells called in the blood? | show 🗑
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| show | 1. produce antibodies->presumes pathogen present (requires Ca++ to convert to arachodonic acid->how you release histamine to get inflammatory response) 2. neurogenic inflammation->most common
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| show | answer a) Calcitonin
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| 50b. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 2. increases blood Ca | show 🗑
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| 50c. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 3. regulate blood Ca levels | show 🗑
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| 50d. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 4. Osteoblasts activated | show 🗑
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| 50e. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 5. Vitamin D dependent | show 🗑
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| 50f. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 6. produced by an endocrine gland | show 🗑
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| 51. Which mechanism is more prominent? | show 🗑
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| 52. How does neurogenic inflammation work? | show 🗑
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| 53. What does Substance P release? | show 🗑
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| 54. Dense irregular CT is made up of | show 🗑
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| 55. Does Dense Irregular CT have more vasculature compared to loose CT? | show 🗑
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| 56. Name four examples of dense irregular CT | show 🗑
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| show | F! It has the least amount of cells and almost no vasculature compared to loose and dense irregular CT
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| 58.What is cross-fiber friction? | show 🗑
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| 59. How long does it take to make a collagen fiber? | show 🗑
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| show | 55%
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| 61. Out of the 55% percent blood that is plasma, how much of the plasma is water? | show 🗑
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| 62. What is the most common plasma protein? | show 🗑
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| 63. Where is albumin produced? | show 🗑
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| show | Maintains colloid osmotic pressure Binds and transports fatty acids from adipose cells Binds are transports unconjugated bilirubin to liver Important free radical scavenger Anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects
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| show | Alpha, beta and gamma
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| show | Transport molecules, clotting factors and inactive precursor molecules. Produced by the liver.
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| show | Immunoglobulins which make up the circulating antibodies
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| 68. What are the two main types of alpha globulins? | show 🗑
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| 69. alpha-1 fraction includes | show 🗑
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| 70. alpha-2 consists of several substances. What substance helps carry heme or hemoglobin to cells where they can be broken down | show 🗑
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| 71. .alpha-2 also has a substance that carries what vitamin to the liver | show 🗑
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| 72. Two other substances (aside from the substance that carries vitamin D to the liver) alpha-2 contains are | show 🗑
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| show | Transferrin->transports iron to bone marrow and liver Plasminogen->dissolution of clots LDL cholesterol
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| show | Antibodies (IgG’s made by the activated plasma cells)
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| show | Muscle contraction, action potential transmission, ion channel regulation, bone and teeth structure, activating of oocytes, blood clotting…
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| show | Maintenance of blood volume, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity. Balance is maintained in the kidney
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| 77. ELECTROLYTES: K+ | show 🗑
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| 78. ELECTROLYTES: What disease is characterized be decreased amounts of K+? | show 🗑
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| show | Nucleic acid synthesis, cofactor for many enzymes, ATP synthesis and usage, DNA and RNA synthesis
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| show | Chloride-bicarbonate exchanger participates importantly in the ability of plasma to increase its capacity for CO2. Also most important inhibitory nerutransmitters in the CNS (GABA and glycine) rely on Cl-
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| 81. ELECTROLYTES: inhibitory nerutransmitters in the CNS (GABA and glycine) rely on what electrolyte? | show 🗑
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| 82. ELECTROLYTES: HCO3- | show 🗑
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| show | 100mg/dl
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| 84. Erythrocytes are | show 🗑
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| 85. In adults Erythrocytes are derived from red bone marrow in what structures? | show 🗑
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| 86. Name the three types of anemia | show 🗑
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| show | 1-2%
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| 88. When you think of neutrophils you should be thinking of what? | show 🗑
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| show | Eosinophils
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| 90. When you think of the sister to a Mast Cell you think of what? | show 🗑
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| show | Histamine, heparin, slowing reacting substance of anaphylaxis, eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis
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| 92. Basophils are mediated by | show 🗑
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| 93. What two cells degranulate when the IgE antibodies bound to their surface are bridged with an antigen? | show 🗑
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| 94. Monocytes and lymphocytes are considered what type of cell? | show 🗑
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| 95. Monocytes are the precursor cells to what | show 🗑
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| show | In the tissues
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| 97. differentiated monocytes into macrophages are activated by what | show 🗑
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| show | Adaptive immune system
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| 99. What are the two types of lymphocytes? | show 🗑
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| 100. T cells mature in what gland | show 🗑
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| 101. Where do B and T lymphocytes reside? | show 🗑
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| show | Places where lymphocytes are housed in the mucosa of the oropharynx (MALT) and the gut (GALT)
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| show | Adaptive immune system
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| show | Helper –T cells that produces interleukins
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| show | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and macrophages.
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| show | Innate immune system
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| 107. Platelets are derived from what type of cell | show 🗑
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| 108. Normal number of platelets in the blood is | show 🗑
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| 109. Too many platelets = | show 🗑
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| 110. Too little platelets = | show 🗑
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| 111. Size of circulating cells from largest to smallest | show 🗑
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| 112. From most numerous to least numerous | show 🗑
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| show | Biconcave disc approx 7.5 micro.m
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| show | Hematocrit->normal % RBC =42-43%
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| 115. How many RBCs would you find in a normal hematorcit value? | show 🗑
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| show | Male= 14-16 mg/dl Female= 12-14 mg/dl
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| 117. The formation of RBCs in the bone marrow consists of 5 main steps. What are they? | show 🗑
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| 118. What % of your blood volume do you make in one day | show 🗑
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| 119. What is the primary job of a RBC? | show 🗑
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| 120. How long do RBCs circulate in the blood for | show 🗑
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| 121. Do RBCs carry CO2? | show 🗑
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| show | Neutrophils
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| 123. Neutrophil cells are the most common granulocyte and make up about what % of the total WBC | show 🗑
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| show | 4-11,000/mL
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| show | Plasma cells (which are activated B cells)
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