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NWCC Histo 1 OTT
Exam 2 Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Connective tissue is made up of | Cells + Matrix |
| 2. Matrix consists of | Fibers and Ground Substance |
| 3. Most common cell in CT is | Fibroblasts found in the matrix |
| 4. Ground substance is the diffusion medium of CT and is made up of | A sugary substance -> GAGs and PGs (glycosominoglycones and protoglycans) |
| 5. Ground substance has a very high affinity for | Water |
| 6. The more sulfated GAGs in the ground substance the more… | Rigid the tissue becomes -> SO4 hangs onto water tightly and water provides the diffusion medium |
| 7. Ground substance does 3 things, what are they | Bind O2 Provide rigidity Immunological barrier |
| 8. The most common fiber in CT is | Collagen |
| 9.Type I is | Most common type collagen fiber in the body found in Skin Dermis Tendon Bone Ligament Fascia Fibrous cartilage Cornea Loose fibrous tissue |
| 10. Type II is | Hylaline and elastic cartilage Vertebral discs |
| 11. Type III | Reticular fiber -> (all characteristics of collagen but more branching and thinner) Blood vessels Parenchymal organs Bone marrow Lymphoid tissue Smooth muscle Nerves Lung Fetal skin |
| 12. Type IV is | Non-fibrous collagen of the basal lamina Basement membranes External lamina |
| 13. Name is majority cell in cartilage | Chondroblasts -> active Chondrocyte -> inactive |
| 14.Name majority cell in bone | Osteoblasts -> active in making Osteoclasts -> breakdown bone |
| 15. Name majority cell in adipose | Adipocytes -> mature Lipoblasts -> not mature/undifferentiated |
| 16.Dense irregular CT can be found in | Fascia and dermis |
| 17.Dense regular CT can be found in | Aponeuroses, tendons, and ligaments |
| 18. Starting below the basement membrane of the epidermis, what 2 layers will you find | After the basement membrane you find: Dermis -> Loose CT and dense CT Subcutaneous layer ------------------------(below you will find) Superficial fascia Muscle Deep fascia |
| 19. Name 3 parts of the integument and define tissue type | Epidermis-epith'l tissue type • made up of 6 layers, • keratinized, • avascular • exhibits tight junctions Dermis-made up of loose and dense irr. CT Subcutaneous-adipose • shock absorbing • energy storage • insulating(vasculature) |
| 20a. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 1.Tendons | answer a)dense regular CT |
| 20b. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 2. Deep Fascia | answer b)dense irregular CT |
| 20c. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 3.Perimyseum | answer b)dense irregular CT |
| 20d. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 4. Endomyseum | answer d)neither |
| 20e. This structures is made up of: a)dense regular b) dense irregular c)both d)neither 5.Ligament | answer a)dense regular CT |
| 21.Adipose tissue is made up of | Triacylglycerols(TAG)->Neutral fat->Saturated Fat<-Triglyceride |
| 22. function of the CT is to | 1. Energy Storage 2. Calcium Storage 3. Immunological Barrier |
| 23. What are the two hormones that activate Ca^2+ storage? | Calcitonin -> decreases blood Calcium by increasing activity of osteoblasts in the presence of Vitamin D Parathyroid -> increases blood calcium levels by increasing activity of osteoCLASTS |
| 24. What type of tissue comes from Mesenchyme? | All CT All Myocardium Smooth muscle Endothelium Mesothelium Synovial bursas blood |
| 25. Does mesenchyme have leptochromatic or pacychromatic nucleus? | Leptochromatic nucleus |
| 26. Is blood a CT? | YES! Blood (hematopoietic stems)= cells + matrix(plasma) Cells: RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets Matrix(plasma): Ground substance(serum)+Fibers(Clotting factor) |
| 27. Most common CT is | Loose CT-> 50/50 cells to matrix ratio |
| 28. Does loose CT contain blood vessels? | YES! VERY VASCULAR |
| 29. The majority cell in loose CT is the | Fibroblasts |
| 30. Where do fibroblasts come from? (what type of cell) | mesenchyme |
| 31. Can fibroblasts make a whole collagen molecule? | No. They synthesize the components of all parts of the matrix, but do not make the whole collagen fiber |
| 32. What is the other cell readily found in loose CT that we talked about in class? | Marcophage |
| 33. Where do macrophages come from (what type of cell)? | Mesenchyme->start as hematopoietic stem cells->to monocytes->to macrophage |
| 34. What are some primary functions of macrophages? | 1.phagocytosis 2.recycling of iron from hemoglobin catabolism 3. interferons 4. interleukins 5. clotting factor |
| 35. Do macrophages originate in loose CT? | No, they are immigrant phagocytic cells in the CT |
| 36. Once macrophages differentiate in the tissue can they go back into the blood? | NO! But if cells don’t differentiate, then yes they can |
| 37. How long to macrophages last in the tissue? | Years |
| 38. How long to macrophages last in the blood? | 4 days or so |
| 39. What two types of lymphocytes can be found in the loose CT? | B and T lymphocytes |
| 40. What is a lymphocyte? | A type of white blood cell |
| 41. What type of nucleus to lymphocytes contain? | pachychromatic |
| 42. Can you tell the difference between B and T in a light microscope? | No |
| 43. What is a plasma cell? | Activated B-lymphocyte |
| 44. What activates the B-lymphocyte? | Macrophages and T-lymphocytes |
| 45. What organelles are in abundance in a plasma cell? | Lots of rough ER Secretory granules-> • contain antibodies/immunoglobulins (IgG) |
| 46. Where can you find mast cells? | found in loose CT, in the blood |
| 47. What do mast cells produce? | Histamine, heparine, and other chemical mediators of INFLAMMATION! |
| 48. What are mast cells called in the blood? | Basophils (a type of WBC) |
| 49. Name the two mechanisms of degranulation in mast cells | 1. produce antibodies->presumes pathogen present (requires Ca++ to convert to arachodonic acid->how you release histamine to get inflammatory response) 2. neurogenic inflammation->most common |
| 50a. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 1. produced in the thyroid gland | answer a) Calcitonin |
| 50b. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 2. increases blood Ca | answer b) Parathyroid |
| 50c. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 3. regulate blood Ca levels | answer c) Both Calcitonin and Parathyroid |
| 50d. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 4. Osteoblasts activated | answer a) Calcitonin |
| 50e. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 5. Vitamin D dependent | answer b) Parathyroid |
| 50f. Check your understanding… a. Calcitonin b. Parathyroid c. Both d. Neither 6. produced by an endocrine gland | answer c) Both Calcitonin and Parathyroid |
| 51. Which mechanism is more prominent? | Neurogenic inflammation mechanism |
| 52. How does neurogenic inflammation work? | Irritator->nociceptor (c-fiber)->substance P-> inflammatory response |
| 53. What does Substance P release? | Arachadonic acid and heparin (fast response!) |
| 54. Dense irregular CT is made up of | Collagen fibers and fibroblasts |
| 55. Does Dense Irregular CT have more vasculature compared to loose CT? | NO! It has less vasculature |
| 56. Name four examples of dense irregular CT | Fascia epimysium deep/superficial fascia perimysium |
| 57. Dense irregular tissue has the most cells out of the CT proper group. T/F | F! It has the least amount of cells and almost no vasculature compared to loose and dense irregular CT |
| 58.What is cross-fiber friction? | How you loosen muscle fibers if too tight |
| 59. How long does it take to make a collagen fiber? | 72 hrs |
| 60. Plasma comprises what % of the blood | 55% |
| 61. Out of the 55% percent blood that is plasma, how much of the plasma is water? | 90% of plasma is water |
| 62. What is the most common plasma protein? | Albumin |
| 63. Where is albumin produced? | Liver |
| 64. What does albumin do? | Maintains colloid osmotic pressure Binds and transports fatty acids from adipose cells Binds are transports unconjugated bilirubin to liver Important free radical scavenger Anticoagulant and antithrombotic effects |
| 65. What are the three globulin groups in the plasma? | Alpha, beta and gamma |
| 66. alpha and beta globulins function as | Transport molecules, clotting factors and inactive precursor molecules. Produced by the liver. |
| 67. What is another name for gamma globulins? | Immunoglobulins which make up the circulating antibodies |
| 68. What are the two main types of alpha globulins? | Alpha-1 and alpha-2 |
| 69. alpha-1 fraction includes | Antitrypsin and thyroxin binding globulin |
| 70. alpha-2 consists of several substances. What substance helps carry heme or hemoglobin to cells where they can be broken down | haptoglobin |
| 71. .alpha-2 also has a substance that carries what vitamin to the liver | Vitamin D |
| 72. Two other substances (aside from the substance that carries vitamin D to the liver) alpha-2 contains are | HDL cholesterol->to liver for excretion by gallbladder Angiotensinogen->activated in the kidney to regulate Na+ reuptake |
| 73. Beta-globulin contain what three substances? | Transferrin->transports iron to bone marrow and liver Plasminogen->dissolution of clots LDL cholesterol |
| 74. Gamma-globulins circulate what? | Antibodies (IgG’s made by the activated plasma cells) |
| 75. ELECTROLYTES: Ca++’s primary function is | Muscle contraction, action potential transmission, ion channel regulation, bone and teeth structure, activating of oocytes, blood clotting… |
| 76. ELECTROLYTES: Na+ functions include | Maintenance of blood volume, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity. Balance is maintained in the kidney |
| 77. ELECTROLYTES: K+ | Creation of resting potential, sodium-potassium pump, muscle contraction, heart contraction. Hypokalemia is disease of decreased amounts of K+ |
| 78. ELECTROLYTES: What disease is characterized be decreased amounts of K+? | Hypokalemia |
| 79. ELECTROLYTES: Mg++ | Nucleic acid synthesis, cofactor for many enzymes, ATP synthesis and usage, DNA and RNA synthesis |
| 80. ELECTROLYTES: Cl- | Chloride-bicarbonate exchanger participates importantly in the ability of plasma to increase its capacity for CO2. Also most important inhibitory nerutransmitters in the CNS (GABA and glycine) rely on Cl- |
| 81. ELECTROLYTES: inhibitory nerutransmitters in the CNS (GABA and glycine) rely on what electrolyte? | Cl- |
| 82. ELECTROLYTES: HCO3- | Represents amount of solube CO2 in the blood. Produced by carbonic anydrases in the RBC->buffer |
| 83. Normal fasting plasma levels of glucose should be | 100mg/dl |
| 84. Erythrocytes are | RBCs |
| 85. In adults Erythrocytes are derived from red bone marrow in what structures? | Vertebrae, pelvis, ribs, and sternum |
| 86. Name the three types of anemia | Blood loss anemia Hemolytic anemia->genetic, sickle cell Deficiency Anemia->folic acid and B12 deficiency |
| 87. Leukocytes (WBC’s) make up what % of the blood | 1-2% |
| 88. When you think of neutrophils you should be thinking of what? | Bacterial infection debris |
| 89. When you think of allergic response and parasitical infections you think of what type of cell? | Eosinophils |
| 90. When you think of the sister to a Mast Cell you think of what? | Basophil |
| 91. The substance in the granules include: | Histamine, heparin, slowing reacting substance of anaphylaxis, eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis |
| 92. Basophils are mediated by | Interleukin-3 |
| 93. What two cells degranulate when the IgE antibodies bound to their surface are bridged with an antigen? | Basophils and Mast cells |
| 94. Monocytes and lymphocytes are considered what type of cell? | Agranulocytes |
| 95. Monocytes are the precursor cells to what | Macrophages |
| 96. Where doesmonocyte activity primarily takes place? | In the tissues |
| 97. differentiated monocytes into macrophages are activated by what | Interferon-gamma->marcrophages then phagocytose antigens and present them to B-lymphocytes |
| 98. Lymphocytes are a part of the | Adaptive immune system |
| 99. What are the two types of lymphocytes? | B and T |
| 100. T cells mature in what gland | Thymus |
| 101. Where do B and T lymphocytes reside? | Lymph nodes and spleen |
| 102. MALT and GALT are | Places where lymphocytes are housed in the mucosa of the oropharynx (MALT) and the gut (GALT) |
| 103. Lymphocytes are a part of what type of immune response | Adaptive immune system |
| 104. Basic function of T lymphocytes are | Helper –T cells that produces interleukins |
| 105. Name the natural killer cells | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and macrophages. |
| 106. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and macrophages, these cells are a part of what type of immune response | Innate immune system |
| 107. Platelets are derived from what type of cell | Megakaryocytes |
| 108. Normal number of platelets in the blood is | 150-400,000/microliter |
| 109. Too many platelets = | Thrombosis |
| 110. Too little platelets = | Thrombocytopenia |
| 111. Size of circulating cells from largest to smallest | Monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, platelets |
| 112. From most numerous to least numerous | Erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils |
| 113. A mature RBC is shaped like a | Biconcave disc approx 7.5 micro.m |
| 114. mm^3 = microL is the units for describing | Hematocrit->normal % RBC =42-43% |
| 115. How many RBCs would you find in a normal hematorcit value? | 4-6 million |
| 116. Normal hemoglobin for a male? Female? | Male= 14-16 mg/dl Female= 12-14 mg/dl |
| 117. The formation of RBCs in the bone marrow consists of 5 main steps. What are they? | 1 Mesenchyme-embryonic cells 2 hematopoietic stem cells-adult 3 Pronormalblasts-caused by erythropoietin from kidney after 7 days 4 erythroblasts formation 5 erythroblast becomes reticulocyte for ~ 1day after entering BV-reticulocyte = still has nuc |
| 118. What % of your blood volume do you make in one day | 1% of total blood volume |
| 119. What is the primary job of a RBC? | Carry Oxygen |
| 120. How long do RBCs circulate in the blood for | Approx 120 days |
| 121. Do RBCs carry CO2? | NOPE co2 quicky becomes HCO3->mediaded by carbonic anhydrase |
| 122. What type of granulocyte has a segmented nucleus? | Neutrophils |
| 123. Neutrophil cells are the most common granulocyte and make up about what % of the total WBC | 50-70% |
| 124. What is the total WBC in normal circulating blood? | 4-11,000/mL |
| 125. What cells produce antibodies? | Plasma cells (which are activated B cells) |
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