The Muscular System
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| Four organ systems that are essential for the proper functioning of the muscular system are the? | Skeletal, respiratory, circulatory, and nervous
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| The organ system that carries carbon dioxide away from contracting muscles is the? | Circulatory system
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| The organ system that transmits impulses for contraction to muscles is the? | Nervous system
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| The organ system that is moved by muscle is the? | Skeletal system
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| The organ system that ensures adequate oxygen intake for muscles is the? | Respiratory system
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| Muscles are attached to bones by? | Tendons
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| Tendons are made of? | Fibrous connective system
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| The fibers of a tendon merge with the? | Fascia of a muscle and the periosteum of a bone
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| The more stationary attachment of a muscle to a bone is called the? | Origin
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| The more movable attachment of a muscle to a bone is called the? | Insertion
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| Muscles with opposite functions are called? | Antagonists
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| Muscles with the same or similar function are called? | Synergists
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| When a muscle contracts, its specific action is to? | Pull a bone
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| Muscles that move the lower leg must cross the? | Knee joint
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| Muscles that move the forearm must cross the? | Elbow joint
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| The state of slight contraction present in healthy muscle is called? | Muscle tone
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| The state of slight contraction present in healthy muscles is called muscle tone, and depends on? | Nerve impulses
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| About 25% of the body's heat at rest is produced by the? | Muscle tone of the skeletal muscles
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| Exercise that involves contraction with movement is called? | Isotonic
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| Exercise that involves contraction without movement is called? | Isometric
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| Having a mental picture of where our muscles are is called? | Muscle sense
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| The sensory receptors in muscles are called? | Stretch receptors
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| Stretch receptors information is essential for? | Muscle sense
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| The contraction of skeletal muscles is initiated by the? | Frontal lobes of the cerebrum
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| What part of the brain coordinates the actions of skeletal muscles? | Cerebellum
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| Conscious muscle sense is a function of the? | Parietal lobes of the cerebrum
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| The integration of unconscious muscle sense is a function of the? | Cerebellum
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| The direct energy source for muscle contraction is? | ATP
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| Two indirect energy sources for muscle contraction are? | Creatine phosphate and glycogen
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| The most abundant energy source for muscle contraction is? | Glycogen
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| In muscles, the waste product creatinine comes from? | Creatine phosphate
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| Creatine phosphate is excreted by the? | Kidneys
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| The simple reaction of cell respiration is: | Glucose+Oxygen converted to Carbon Dioxide+Water+Heat+ATP
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| In cell respiration, what is waste product is produced? | Carbon dioxide
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| In cell respiration, what is produced for muscle contraction? | ATP
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| In cell respiration, what is produced to contribute to body temperature? | Heat
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| In muscles, oxygen is stored by? | Myoglobin
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| The iron-containing protein in muscles is? | Myoglobin
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| Myoglobin's function is to? | Store oxygen
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| Lactic acid is produced in muscles that lack? | Oxygen
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| Lactic acid causes? | Fatigue
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| When oxygen is not present in contracting muscles, what is formed that causes fatigue? | Lactic acid
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| The term oxygen debt refers to a lack of oxygen during the process of? | Cell respiration
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| In the neuromuscular junction, what is the end of the motor neuron called? | Axon terminal
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| In the neuromuscular junction, what is the space called? | Synapse
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| In the neuromuscular junction, what is the membrane of muscle fiber called? | Sarcolemma
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| In the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine is contained within the? | Axon terminal
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| In the neuromuscular junction, cholinesterase is contained within the? | Sarcolemma
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| In a neuromuscular junction, the impulse is transmitted from the motor neuron by? | Acetylcholine to the muscle fiber
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| In the neuromuscular junction acetylcholine is inactivated by? | Cholinesterase
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| The units of contraction within a muscle fiber are called? | Sarcomeres
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| Within a muscle fiber, the sarcoplasmic reticulum contains? | Calcium ions
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| Within a sarcomere, the contracting proteins are? | Myosin and actin
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| During polarization, the muscle fiber has a ________ charge outside the membrane and a _________ charge inside? | Positive, negative
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| During polarization, _______ ions are abundant outside the muscle fiber and _______ ions are abundant inside? | Sodium, potassium
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| During depolarization of a muscle fiber, _______ ions rush into the cell? | Sodium
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| During depolarization of a muscle fiber, there is a _______ charge outside the membrane and a _______ charge outside? | Negative, positive
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| During repolarization of a muscle fiber, ________ ions rush out of the cell? | Potassium
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| Depolarization of a muscle fiber is stimulated by? | Acetylcholine
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| Depolarization of a muscle fiber is stimulated by acetylcholine that allows the entry of? | Sodium ions
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| In the sliding filament mechanism, _________ filaments pull _______ filaments toward the center of the sarcomere? | Myosin, actin
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| In the sliding filament mechanism, the inhibiting proteins are? | Troponin and tropomyosin
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| In the sliding filament mechanism, the inhibiting proteins are shifted out of the way by? | Calcium ions
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| During exercise, there is more blood within muscles because of? | Vasodilation within the muscles
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| During exercise, excess heat is given off as _______ increases? | Sweating
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| During exercise, more blood will be circulated to muscles because of increased? | Heart rate
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| The muscle around the eye that closes the eye is the? | Orbicularis oculi
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| The muscle around the mouth that puckers the lips is the? | Orbicularis oculi
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| The muscle attached to the mandible that raises the lower jaw is the? | Masseter
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| The muscle on the shoulder that abducts the arm is the? | Deltoid
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| The muscle on the front of the arm that flexes the forearm is the? | Biceps brachii
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| The muscle on the back of the arm that extends the forearm is the? | Triceps brachii
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| The muscle on the upper back that raises or lowers the shoulder is the? | Trapezius
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| The muscle on the chest that flexes and adducts the arm is the? | Pectoralis major
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| The muscle on the back of the trunk that extends and adducts the arm is the? | Latissimus dorsi; Teres major
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| The muscle on the ventral side of the trunk that flexes the vertebral column is the? | Rectus abdominus
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| The muscle on the buttock that extends the thigh is the? | Gluteus maximus
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| The muscle in the inguinal area that flexes the thigh is the? | Iliopsoas
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| The muscle on the front of the thigh that flexes the thigh is the? | Quadriceps femoris
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| The muscle group on the back of the thigh that extends the thigh is the? | Hamstring group
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| The muscle on the lateral side of the hip that abducts the thigh is the? | Gluteus medius
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| The muscle on the front of the thigh that flexes the thigh and lower leg is the? | Sartorius
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| The muscle group on the medial side of the thigh that adducts the thigh is the? | Adductor group
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| The muscle on the front of the lower leg that dorsiflexes the foot is the? | Tibialis anterior
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| The muscle on the back of the lower leg that plantar flexes the foot is the? | Gastrocnemius; Soleus
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| A synergist to the gastrocnemius is the? | Soleus
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| An antagonist to the gastrocnemius is the? | Tibialis anterior
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| An antagonist to the gastrocnemius is the tibialis anterior, because it? | Dorsiflexes the foot
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| The muscular system includes? | Muscles and accessory structures
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| Muscular system provides? | Mobility and movement
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| Muscular system produces? | Heat
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| Muscular does NOT include ______ or ______ muscle? | Cardiac, smooth
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| Muscle cells are specialized for? | Contraction
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| What do fibers do to produce movement? | Shorten
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| Each muscle is made up of thousands of individual muscle cells AKA? | Fibers
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| The brain recruits high numbers of ______ based on need? | Fibers
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| What anchors muscle to bone and other muscles? | Tendons
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| What is a flat, sheet-like tendon called? | Aponeurosis
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| Tendons are a deep continuation of __________ that covers the muscle? | Deep fascia
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| Tendons merges with the _________ to anchor to bone? | Periosteum
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| Where the muscle originates is called? | Origin
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| Usually the origin is more? | Stationary and more proximal
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| What is the opposite end of the origin across a joint from the origin called? | Insertion
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| What is the primary muscle (prime mover) that brings about the desired movement called? | Protagonist
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| What is the muscle that does the opposite of the desired movement called? | Antagonist
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| What is the secondary muscles that bring about the desired movement called? | Synergist
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| What role of the brain initiates the signal to the muscle in the premotor and motor areas of the cortex? | Frontal lobes
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| What role of the brain coordinates the movements in a very specific order? | Cerebellum
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| What role of the brain is for subconscious input? | Cerebellum
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| What is muscle tone? | Slight contraction of muscle that is present most of the time
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| Postural muscles increase when standing vs.? | Lying
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| What is thermogenesis? | Heat production from normal muscle metabolism
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| Thermogenesis is due to? | Chemical reactions and friction
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| Thermogenesis is increased with? | Increased activity
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| Muscle sense is AKA? | Proprioception
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| What is the brain's awareness of position of the muscle and thus the joint called? | Muscle sense
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| Muscle sense is sensed by? | Stretch receptors (muscle spindle fibers, proprioceptors, GTOs)
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| Muscle sense detect? | Changes in the length of the muscle
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| Primary energy source for muscle contraction? | ATP
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| ATP is ______ lasting? | Short
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| Secondary energy sources for muscle contraction are? | Creatine phosphate and glycogen
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| Creatine phosphate breaks into? | Creatine and phosphate
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| Creatine phosphate breaks into creatine and phosphate to release energy to make more? | ATP
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| Most creatine is converted back to creatine phosphate but some of it is converted to? | Creatinine
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| What is creatinine? | A nitrogenous waste product
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| What is glycogen? | Chains of glucose molecules
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| What is the most abundant energy source for muscle contraction? | Glycogen
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| What is broken down into glucose which goes through cell respiration? | Glycogen
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| What carries oxygen in the blood? | Hemoglobin
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| Hemoglobin contains iron which binds the? | Oxygen
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| What carries oxygen in the muscle? | Myoglobin
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| Myoglobin contains iron which binds the? | Oxygen
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| What makes the muscle red? | Myoglobin
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| When O2 need is greater than the supply, it is called? | Oxygen debt
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| What is hypoxia? | Deficiency of oxygen
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| During oxygen debt, glucose is converted into ___________ in anaerobic respiration? | Lactic acid
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| During oxygen debt, lactic acid is converted to ___________ in the liver? | Pyrovic acid
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| What is recovery oxygen uptake? | Breathing to supply the oxygen required by the liver to detoxify lactic acid
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| What causes breathing to slow gradually after stopping exercise? | Recovery oxygen uptake
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| What is a microscopic structure? | Muscle fiber
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| What is the motor nerve ending at each muscle fiber? | Neuromuscular junction
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| What is the enlarged end of the motor neuron called? (There are 3 different names) | Axon terminal; motor end plate; synaptic knob
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| The axon terminal, AKA motor end plate or synaptic knob contains sacs of? | Acetylcholine (ACh)
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| What is the cell membrane of the muscle fiber called? | Sarcolemma
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| Sarcolemma contains ________ sites for ACh? | Receptor
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| Sarcolemma contains ________ that deactivates ACh? | Cholinesterase
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| What is the junction between the axon terminal and the muscle fiber sarcolemma? | Synapse
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| What is synapse AKA? | Synaptic cleft
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| What is the contractile units in the muscle fiber called? | Sarcomere
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| What are groups of sarcomeres called? | Myofibrils
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| What is AKA thin filaments? | Actin
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| What is thin contractile proteins that interact with myosin? | Actin
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| What is myosin AKA? | Thick filaments
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| What are thicker contractile proteins called? | Myosin
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| What is a protein backbone that anchors actin filaments? | Z line
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| What forms the end boundaries of the sarcomere? | Z line
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| What is the protein that anchors myosin to the Z line? | Titin
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| What 2 inhibitory proteins prevent contraction when relaxed? | Troponin and tropomyosin
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| What is the ER of the muscle cell called? | Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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| The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores? | Calcium ions
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| Nerve impulse causes release of ____ from ___________? | ACh, axon terminal
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| ACh causes electrical impulse in the ___________? | Sarcolemma
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| Contraction causes actin filaments to pull against myosin filaments called the? | Sliding filament mechanism
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| At rest, a sarcolemma is? | Polarized
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| A sarcolemma has a resting potential when it is? | Polarized
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| When sarcolemma is polarized, the outside is ___ and inside is ___? | +. -
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| When sarcolemma is polarized, there is more _______ and ________? | Sodium, potassium
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| The gradient of the sarcolemma is set up by the? | Sodium-potassium pump
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| The gradient set up by the sodium-potassium pump requires? | ATP
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| During sarcolemma depolarization, ACh bonds to? | ACh receptors
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| Sarcolemma depolarization causes the sarcolemma to become more _________ to Na+? | Permeable
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| During sarcolemma depolarization, Na+ rushes into the cell and depolarizes it, causing? | A reversal of charges
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| T tubules are AKA? | Transverse tubules
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| What are channels that carry the action potential to the inner parts of the cell? | T tubules
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| Sarcolemma repolarization occurs by? | Resetting the action potential
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| Contraction occurs by process of? | Sliding filament mechanism
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| What is reducing the angle of a joint called? | Flexion
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| What is increasing the angle of a joint called? | Extension
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| What is tilting the foot/ankle medially called? | Inversion
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| What is tilting the foot/ankle laterally called? | Eversion
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| What is rotating the palm up called? | Supanation
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| What is rotating the palm down called? | Pronation
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| What is (R & L)-side bending called? | Lateral flexion
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| What is (R,L, internal, external)-rotating around a joint called? | Rotation
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| What is moving in a circular motion without rotation called? | Circumduction
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| What is bringing a part away from the midline called? | Abduction
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| What is bringing a part toward the midline called? | Adduction
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| What is bringing a part toward the midline or posteriorly called? | Retraction
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| What is bringing a part away from the midline or anteriorly called? | Protraction
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| What is (A,P,R,L) called? | Translation
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| What is decreasing angle of ankle joint called? | Dorsiflexion
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| What is increasing angle of ankle joint called? | Plantar flexion
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| What are the 3 muscles that make up the calf called? | Gastrocnemeus, soleus, plantaris
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| What are the 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff called? | Supraspinatous, infraspinatous, subscapularis, teres minor
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| The glutes are made up of 3 muscles called? | Gluteus maximus, gluteus minimus, and gluteus medius
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