Joints
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site where 2+ bones meet | joints / articulations
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focuses on material binding bones together & whether/not a joint cavity is present | structural classification
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structural classifications of joints include | fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
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based on amount of movement allowed by joint | functional classification
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functional classifications of joints include | synarthroses, amphiarthroses, & diarthroses
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immovable joints | synarthroses
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slightly movable joints | amphiarthroses
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freely movable joints | diarthroses
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bones joined by fibrous tissues; no joint cavity; movement depends on length of fibers, most immovable; | fibrous joints
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three types of fibrous joints include | sutures, syndesmoses, & gomphoses
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occur btwn bones of skull; comprised of interlocking junctions, completely filled w/short connective tissue fibers; bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth during youth | sutures
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in middle age, sutures' fibrous tissue __ & skull bones __ | ossify; fuse
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bones connected by a fibrous tissue ligaments/bands; movement variable depending on length of fibers | syndesmoses
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examples of syndesmoses include | distal tibiofibular joint & interosseous membrane btwn radius & ulna
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peg-in-socket fibrous joint | gomphoses
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teeth bound to bony sockets where fibrous connection is periodontal ligament is | example of gomphoses
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articulating bones are united by cartilage; lack joint cavity | cartilaginous joints
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two types of cartilaginous joints include | synchondroses & symphyses
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bar/plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones; immovable joints | synchondroses
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synchondroses include __ __ of children | epiphyseal plates
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synchondroses include joint btwn __ __ of 1st rib & sternum | costal cartilage
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hyaline cartilage covers articulating surface of bone & is fused to a pad of fibrocartilage | symphyses
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symphyses are __ __ joints designed for strength & flexibility | slightly movable
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__ joints & pubic symphysis of pelvis are examples of symphyses | intervertebral
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are those joints in which articulating bones are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity | synovial joints
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synovial joints are all __ __ joints | freely movable
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all __ __ & most joints of body are synovial joints | limb joints
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covers articular surfaces of bones | articular cartilage
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lubricates joint surfaces & reduces friction | synovial fluid
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consists of outer fibrous capsule & inner synovial membrane | articular capsule
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strengthen joints; unite bones & prevent undesirable motion | ligaments
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discs of fibrocartilage separating articular surfaces; make joint more stable e.g. knee joint | articular discs
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another name for articular discs is | menisci
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fibrous sacs lined w/synovial membranes containing synovial fluid; found where ligaments, muscles, tendons, or bones rub together | bursae
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elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon | tendon sheath
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structures of synovial joints that reduce friction include | bursae & tendon sheath
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general structure of synovial joints include | articular cartilage, joint/synovial cavity, synovial fluid, articular capsule, ligaments
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example of how shape of articular surfaces effect stability: shallow socket to decrease stability | glenoid cavity of scapula
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example of how shape of articular surfaces effect stability: deep sockets provide greater stability | acetabulum of hip joint
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the more ligaments the | stronger joint
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stretch w/__ __ & can snap ligaments | undue tension
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tendons that are kept tight at all times by | muscle tone
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__ __ that cross joints stabilize muscle | muscle tendons
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2 muscle attachments across a joint are | origin & insertion
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attachment to immovable bone | origin
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attachment to movable bone | insertion
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occurs when muscle contracts across joint, & insertion moves towards origin | movement
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movement takes place around an __ & along __, __, or __planes | axis; transverse; frontal; sagittal
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slipping movements only | nonaxial
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movement in 1 plane | uniaxial
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movement in 2 planes | biaxial
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movement in all 3 planes | multiaxial
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gliding, angular, & rotation are 3 general types of | movements
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1 flat bone surface slides over another; back & forth, side to side | gliding movements
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intercarpal & intertarsal joints, as well as btwn flat articular processes of vertebrae are all | examples of gliding movements
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increase/decrease angle btwn 2 bones; includes flexion, extension, hyperextension, adduction, abduction, circumduction | angular movements
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bending movement, along sagittal plane, decrease angle of joint; brings articulating bones together | flexion
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movement along sagittal plane that increases joint angle; reverse of flexion | extension
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bending foot/ toes toward plantar surface | plantar flexion
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upward movement (extension) of foot/toes or of hand/fingers | dorsiflexion
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extension of a limb/part beyond normal limit; bending head backward beyond its upright position | hyperextension
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movement of a limb away from midline along frontal plane; e.g.raising arm laterally | abduction
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abduction in digits is movement __ __ midline of hand or foot | away from
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movement of a limb toward midline, in frontal plane | adduction
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adduction in digits is __ __ midline of hand or foot | movement towards
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movement describes in circular direction; e.g. baseball pitcher winding up to throw a ball | circumduction
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turning/movement of a body around its axis; btwn 1st 2 cervical vertebrae (‘no’ movement) & hip/shoulder joints | rotation
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rotation of forearm such that palm of hand faces anteriorly to anatomic position; rotation of foot such that plantar surface of rotated upward | supination
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specific rotational motion of forearm that moves palm into a down facing position, a specific rotational motion of foot in which plantar surface is rotated outward | pronation
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turning inward, upside down, or in any direction contrary to existing one | inversion
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turning outward, as of eyelid or foot | eversion
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dentistry, extension of teeth/other maxillary/mandibular structures into a position anterior to normal | protraction
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shrinking, drawing back, or pulling apart | retraction
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act of assuming or being raised to an elevated position | elevation
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displacement of a part downward or inward | depression
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action taken when touch thumb to tips of other fingers on same hand; makes human hand fine tool for grasping & manipulating objects | opposition
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synovial joint where articular surfaces are flat; allow only slipping/gliding movements; intercarpal & intertarsal joints; only examples of nonaxial joints | plane joints
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synovial joint where cylindrical projection of 1 bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another; motion is along a single plane; elbow joint, interphalangeal joints, knee joint | hinge joints
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synovial joint where rounded end of 1 bone protrudes into a “sleeve,” or ring; joints btwn atlas & dens of axis & proximal radioulnar joint | pivot joints
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synovial joint where oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another; both articular surfaces are oval; all angular motions possible; metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints & radiocarpal (wrist) joint | condyloid joints
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synovial joint where similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement; each articular surface has both concave & convex surface; carpometacarpal joint of thumb | saddle joints
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synovial joint where spherical or hemispherical head of 1 bone articulates w/cup-like socket of another; most freely moving synovial joints; shoulder & hip joints | ball-and-socket joints
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hinge joint that allows flexion & extension; radius & ulna articulate w/humerus at | elbow joint
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gripping of trochlea of humerus by trochlea notch of ulna that forms __ joint of elbow | hinge
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joint capsule of elbow joint is thin anteriorly & posteriorly, allowing | flexion & extension
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radial & ulna collateral ligaments. of elbow joint, limits | side to side movements
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tendons crossing elbow joint provide | security
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ball-and-socket joint in which stability is sacrificed to obtain greater freedom of movement; head of humerus articulates w/glenoid fossa of scapula | glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
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weak stability of shoulder joint is maintained by | thin, loose joint capsule, from margin of glenoid cavity to anatomical neck of humerus
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weak stability of shoulder joint is maintained by four ligaments __, & three __ | coracohumeral; glenohumeral
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weak stability of shoulder joint is maintained by long head of __ __, which travels through intertubercular sulcus & secures humerus against glenoid cavity | biceps' tendon
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weak stability of shoulder joint is maintained by rotator cuff (4 tendons) that encircle __ __ & blends w/articular capsule | shoulder joint
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4 tendons that encircle shoulder joint & blends w/articular capsule | rotator cuff
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travels through intertubercular sulcus & secures humerus against glenoid cavity | tendon of long head of biceps
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1 coracohumeral, & 3 glenohumeral | ligament of shoulder joint
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from margin of glenoid cavity to anatomical neck of humerus, exists a thin, loose __ __ | joint capsule
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caused by stretch injuries in tennis & baseball players | rotator cuff injuries
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anterior dislocation of head of humerus; caused by forceful abduction/fall on outstretched hand | shoulder dislocation
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mandibular condyle articulates w/temporal bone (mandibular fossa) | temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
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depression & elevation of mandible | hinge movement of TMJ
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lateral excursion, grinding of teeth | side-to-side movement of TMJ
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mandibular condyle is braced against articular tubercle when mouth is | open wide
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largest joint of body; allows flexion, extension, & some rotation; consists of 3 joints in 1 surrounded by a single joint cavity | knee joint
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btwn patella & lower end of femur (plane joint) | femoropatellar joint
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lateral & medial joints btwn femoral condyles & tibia (hinge joint) | tibiofemoral joint
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__ __ of knee posteriorly & laterally only | articular capsule
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patellar ligament; lateral & medial patellar retinacula; tibial & fibular & collateral ligaments are found __ in knee | anteriorly
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continuation of tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle | lateral & medial patellar retinacula
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prevent antero-posterior displacement of joint surfaces | anterior & posterior cruciate ligament(s)
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(semilunar cartilages) of tibia- shock absorbers; prevent side-to-side rocking | lateral & medial menisci
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common sports injuries from horizontal blows to knee, treated by repair/graft | collateral ligaments, cartilages (menisci), & cruciate ligaments
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ball-and-socket joint; head of femur articulates w/acetabulum; good range of motion, but limited by deep socket & strong ligaments | hip joint
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fibrocartilaginous rim attached to margin of acetabulum of hip bone; deepens cup | acetabular labrum
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from rim of acetabulum to neck of femur, in hip joint | thick capsule
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acetabular labrum, thick capsule, iliofemoral, pubofemoral & ischiofemoral ligaments, as well as muscles & tendons provide for | hip joint stability
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partially/completely torn ligaments; injury to ligaments of a joint i.e. ankle, knee, lumbar spine | sprains
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__ torn ligaments slowly repair themselves | partially
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__ torn ligaments require surgery | completely
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occur when bones are forced out of alignment, e.g. shoulder joint, TMJ; caused by falls & sports injuries | dislocations
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partial dislocation of a joint | subluxation
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tearing of knee menisci is example of | cartilage injury
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inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow/friction | bursitis
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bursitis of prepatellar bursa | housemaids knee
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caused by fall on knee | bursitis of prepatellar bursa
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olecranon bursitis | students elbow
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inflammation of olecranon bursa, overlying prominence of elbow | olecranon bursitis
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inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse; causes pain & swelling | tendinitis
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characterized by erosion of articular cartilage, primary/2ndary to trauma/other conditions; exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, & restrict movement | osteoarthritis
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osteoarthritis causes pain & loss of function result & most affected are | cervical & lumbar spine, knees, & hips, fingers, knuckles
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osteoarthritis more prevalent in __ & is probably related to normal __ process | aged; aging
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chronic inflammatory, autoimmune disease; occurs btwn 40-50 years; begins w/synovitis | Rheumatoid arthritis
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inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus | synovitis
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erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms; ossifies; fusing bone ends | pannus
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end result of RA produces | deformities
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deposition of uric acid crystals in joints & soft tissues, followed by inflammation; typically effects joint at the base of great toe (1st metatarsophalangeal joint) | gouty arthritis
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joint - synarthrosis | immovable
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joint - amphiarthrosis | slightly movable
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joint - diarthrosis | freely movable
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joint - synostosis | formed by fusion of 2 bones
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flexion is __ angle btwn bones | decreasing
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adduction is movement __ midline of body | towards
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hyperextension is extending body __ anatomical position | past
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protraction is movement of body part forward in a(n) __ __ | horizontal plane
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elbow joint is a(n) __ joint | hinge
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shoulder joint is a(n) __ joint | ball-and-socket
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carpometacarpal joint is a(n) __ joint | saddle
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radioulnar joint is a(n) __ joint | pivot
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metacarpophalangeal joint is a(n) __ joint | condyloid
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reinforces back of knee joint | popliteal ligaments
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reinforces lateral surface of knee joint | fibular collateral ligament
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range of motion for synovial joint for nonaxial | gliding
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range of motion for synovial joint for uniaxial | 1 plane
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range of motion for synovial joint for biaxial | 2 planes
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range of motion for synovial joint for multiaxial | 3 planes
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diarthrosis is a(n) __ joint | synovial
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symphysis is a(n) __ joint | cartilaginous
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syndesmosis is a(n) __ joint | fibrous
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shoulder joint contains __ ligament(s) | coracohumeral
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hip joint contains __ ligament(s) | iliofemoral
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knee joint contains __ ligament(s) | cruciate
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elbow joint contains __ ligament(s) | anular
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radiocarpal joint is a(n) __ joint | ellipsoidal
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intervertebral joint is a(n) __ joint | plane
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multiaxial joint is a(n) __ joint | ball-and-socket
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uniaxial joint is a(n) __ joint | pivot
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abnormal fusion of bones, in a joint, as result of disease/damage | ankylosing spondylitis
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general term for pain & stiffness that affects skeletal/muscular system | rheumatism
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joint inflammation caused by deposit of urate salts in soft joint tissues | gouty arthritis
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degenerative condition, most common in elderly | osteoarthritis
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acromion of scapula & clavicle is considered a(n) | synovial, plane joint
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scapula and humerus is considered a(n) | synovial, ball-and-socket joint
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ulna & radius w/humerus is considered a(n) | synovial, hinge joint
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radius and ulna is considered a(n) | synovial, pivot joint
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radius & proximal carpals is considered a(n) | synovial, condyloid joint
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prevents hyperextension of knee | extracapsular collateral ligaments
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prevents lateral/medial rotation when knee extended | fibular & tibial collateral ligaments
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prevents forward sliding of tibia & checks hyperextension of knee | anterior cruciate ligaments
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prevents backward displacement of tibia, &/or forward sliding of femur | posterior cruciate ligaments
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exemplify movements of temporomandibular joint | elevation-depression
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exemplify movements of radioulnar joint | pronation-supination
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exemplify movements of coxal joint | circumduction of thigh
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exemplify movements of ankle joint | dorsiflexion-plantar flexion
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torn ligament/tendon, sometimes w/damage to meniscus/other cartilage | sprain
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inflammation of joint capsule, often as complication of sprain | synovitis
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displacement of bone from its normal position at joint; usually accompanied by sprain of adjoining connective tissues | dislocation
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articular cartilage is smooth, slippery __ cartilage | hyaline
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articular capsule is composed of __ & __ layers | fibrous; synovial
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synovial fluid is secreted into joint & contains large amounts of __ __ | hyaluronic acid
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reinforcing ligaments can be __ | intrinsic
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flexion is a movement permitted by the __ joint | elbow
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plantar flexion is pointing __ downward | toes
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inversion is turning sole of foot __ | medially
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eversion is movement permitted by __ joint | atlantoaxial
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example of pivot joint is the proximal __ joint | radioulnar
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example of ball-and-socket joint is the __ joint | glenohumeral
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example of hinge joint is the __ joint | interphalangeal
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example of condyloid joint is the __ joint | metatarsophalangeal joint
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opening your mouth exemplifies | depression
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shrugging your shoulders exemplifies | elevation
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touching your chin to your chest exemplifies | flexion
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shaking your head no exemplifies | rotation
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turning the palm up exemplifies | supination
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turning the palm down exemplifies | pronation
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turning sole of foot medially exemplifies | inversion
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turning sole of foot laterally exemplifies | eversion
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a fibrocartilage disc | menisci
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synovial sac | bursa
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bone to bone attachment | ligament
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muscle to bone attachment | tendon
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syndesmosis is a(n) | ligamentous connection, such as that between the bones of the lower leg
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adduction is a(n) | movement towards the midline of the body
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all synovial joints are | freely movable diarthroses
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inversion is a(n) | twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole inward
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a synarthrosis is a(n) | immovable joint
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bursae are common in sites where ligaments, muscles, skin, or muscle tendons | overlie & rub against bone
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bursae would not be located | around blood vessels
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flexion occurs when | angle btwn bones is decreased
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in an monoaxial articulation movement can occur | in only one axis
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osteoarthritis is a(n) | non-inflammatory type of arthritis
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osteoarthritis is referred to as | degenerative joint disease or "wear-and-tear arthritis"
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example of a saddle joint | carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb
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shoulder joint is the | joint that permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body
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anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments attach to anterior & posterior | intercondylar area of the tibia respectively
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anterior cruciate ligament prevents | forward sliding of the tibia
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posterior cruciate ligament prevents | backward displacement of the tibia or forward sliding of the femur
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synovial fluid has a(n) __ __ to reduce friction btwn articular cartilages | viscous consistency
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example of a synchondrosis | epiphyseal growth plate
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movement of a joint could potentially damage | blood vessels by pinching them btwn bones
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there are no blood vessels inside joint cavities of synovial joints because | movement would damage the delicate blood vessels
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joints btwn ribs & sternum are connected by | cartilage & are thus cartilaginous joints
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only joint in the body that can oppose | thumb
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osseous components of a joint are not used to | structurally classify a joint
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knee joints have a(n) | joint space
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caused by the synovial fluid in a synovial joint | weeping lubrication
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presence of tendon sheaths and bursae would not provide | stability to a synovial joint
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ligaments be stretched up to 6% of their length and | not snap
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considered simplest synovial joint movement | gliding of ribs on articular facet of vertebra
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example of circumduction movement | pitcher winding up to throw ball
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force to knee that would be considered most dangerous | lateral force to extended knee
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knee can absorb __ __ up to 7x body weight | vertical force
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tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii | "superstabilizer" of the shoulder joint
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factor that contributes the most to the stability of the hip joint | deep socket that encloses the femoral head
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provides the most stability to the elbow | ulnar trochlear notch
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bursitis of the prepatellar bursa causes | water on the knee
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is thought to contribute to the development of osteoarthritis | release of enzyme metalloproteinase
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abduction and adduction always refer to movements of | appendicular skeleton
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menisci are attached only at the outer margins of the knee & are | common athletic injuries
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synovial joints are typically found at the ends of | long bones
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pivot joints only permit | rotation
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knee is a(n) | freely movable synovial joint of the diarthrotic type
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protraction | non-angular anterior movement in a transverse plane
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depression | occurs when the movement of the body part is downward
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only example of gomphosis is the articulation of a(n) | tooth with its bony alveolar socket
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pubic symphysis represents | amphiarthrotic articulation
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suture is an example of | a synarthrosis
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dislocation | common injury at the glenohumeral joint
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metacarpophalangeal joints are | biaxial, condylar joints
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because it has a loose joint capsule, the TMJ is | one of the easiest joints in the body to dislocate
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gomphosis is classified as a(n) | fibrous joint
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symphyses and synchondroses are classified as | cartilaginous joints
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pivot joints are classified as | synovial joints
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in sutures, bony edges | interlock
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in syndesmoses, bones connected | exclusively by ligaments
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gomphoses are __ fibrous joint | peg-in-socket
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in synchondroses, plate of hyaline cartilage | unites bones
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in symphyses, fibrocartilage is | main connecting material
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all joints of __ are classified as synovial joints | limbs
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muscle tone is a natural contributor to | joint stability
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lubrication of joints | role of synovial fluid
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bursae | flattened fibrous sacs that reduce friction between adjacent structures
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nonaxial movement | slipping movements only
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extension is the __ of flexion | reverse
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supination | refers to movement of radius around ulna when palms of hands are rotated so that palms are facing upward
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example of elevation & depression | shrugging one's shoulders
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knuckle joints are | typical condyloid joints
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shoulder & hip are | typical ball-and-socket joints
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elbow is | typical hinge joint
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suture joint is __ a synovial joint | not
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oblique popliteal ligament | stabilizes the posterior aspect of the knee joint
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patellar ligament | connects the kneecap (patella) to the tibia
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patellar ligament can be tapped to generate | knee-jerk reflex
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fibular and tibial collateral ligaments | critical in preventing lateral or medial rotation when the knee is extended
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size of the glenoid cavity | contributes to instability of shoulder joint
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depth of the socket in a ball-and-socket joint | usually affects joint stability
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|
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