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Joints

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Question
Answer
site where 2+ bones meet   joints / articulations  
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focuses on material binding bones together & whether/not a joint cavity is present   structural classification  
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structural classifications of joints include   fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial  
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based on amount of movement allowed by joint   functional classification  
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functional classifications of joints include   synarthroses, amphiarthroses, & diarthroses  
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immovable joints   synarthroses  
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slightly movable joints   amphiarthroses  
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freely movable joints   diarthroses  
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bones joined by fibrous tissues; no joint cavity; movement depends on length of fibers, most immovable;   fibrous joints  
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three types of fibrous joints include   sutures, syndesmoses, & gomphoses  
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occur btwn bones of skull; comprised of interlocking junctions, completely filled w/short connective tissue fibers; bind bones tightly together, but allow for growth during youth   sutures  
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in middle age, sutures' fibrous tissue __ & skull bones __   ossify; fuse  
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bones connected by a fibrous tissue ligaments/bands; movement variable depending on length of fibers   syndesmoses  
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examples of syndesmoses include   distal tibiofibular joint & interosseous membrane btwn radius & ulna  
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peg-in-socket fibrous joint   gomphoses  
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teeth bound to bony sockets where fibrous connection is periodontal ligament is   example of gomphoses  
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articulating bones are united by cartilage; lack joint cavity   cartilaginous joints  
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two types of cartilaginous joints include   synchondroses & symphyses  
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bar/plate of hyaline cartilage unites bones; immovable joints   synchondroses  
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synchondroses include __ __ of children   epiphyseal plates  
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synchondroses include joint btwn __ __ of 1st rib & sternum   costal cartilage  
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hyaline cartilage covers articulating surface of bone & is fused to a pad of fibrocartilage   symphyses  
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symphyses are __ __ joints designed for strength & flexibility   slightly movable  
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__ joints & pubic symphysis of pelvis are examples of symphyses   intervertebral  
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are those joints in which articulating bones are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity   synovial joints  
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synovial joints are all __ __ joints   freely movable  
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all __ __ & most joints of body are synovial joints   limb joints  
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covers articular surfaces of bones   articular cartilage  
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lubricates joint surfaces & reduces friction   synovial fluid  
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consists of outer fibrous capsule & inner synovial membrane   articular capsule  
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strengthen joints; unite bones & prevent undesirable motion   ligaments  
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discs of fibrocartilage separating articular surfaces; make joint more stable e.g. knee joint   articular discs  
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another name for articular discs is   menisci  
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fibrous sacs lined w/synovial membranes containing synovial fluid; found where ligaments, muscles, tendons, or bones rub together   bursae  
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elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon   tendon sheath  
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structures of synovial joints that reduce friction include   bursae & tendon sheath  
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general structure of synovial joints include   articular cartilage, joint/synovial cavity, synovial fluid, articular capsule, ligaments  
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example of how shape of articular surfaces effect stability: shallow socket to decrease stability   glenoid cavity of scapula  
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example of how shape of articular surfaces effect stability: deep sockets provide greater stability   acetabulum of hip joint  
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the more ligaments the   stronger joint  
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stretch w/__ __ & can snap ligaments   undue tension  
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tendons that are kept tight at all times by   muscle tone  
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__ __ that cross joints stabilize muscle   muscle tendons  
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2 muscle attachments across a joint are   origin & insertion  
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attachment to immovable bone   origin  
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attachment to movable bone   insertion  
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occurs when muscle contracts across joint, & insertion moves towards origin   movement  
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movement takes place around an __ & along __, __, or __planes   axis; transverse; frontal; sagittal  
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slipping movements only   nonaxial  
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movement in 1 plane   uniaxial  
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movement in 2 planes   biaxial  
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movement in all 3 planes   multiaxial  
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gliding, angular, & rotation are 3 general types of   movements  
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1 flat bone surface slides over another; back & forth, side to side   gliding movements  
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intercarpal & intertarsal joints, as well as btwn flat articular processes of vertebrae are all   examples of gliding movements  
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increase/decrease angle btwn 2 bones; includes flexion, extension, hyperextension, adduction, abduction, circumduction   angular movements  
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bending movement, along sagittal plane, decrease angle of joint; brings articulating bones together   flexion  
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movement along sagittal plane that increases joint angle; reverse of flexion   extension  
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bending foot/ toes toward plantar surface   plantar flexion  
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upward movement (extension) of foot/toes or of hand/fingers   dorsiflexion  
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extension of a limb/part beyond normal limit; bending head backward beyond its upright position   hyperextension  
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movement of a limb away from midline along frontal plane; e.g.raising arm laterally   abduction  
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abduction in digits is movement __ __ midline of hand or foot   away from  
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movement of a limb toward midline, in frontal plane   adduction  
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adduction in digits is __ __ midline of hand or foot   movement towards  
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movement describes in circular direction; e.g. baseball pitcher winding up to throw a ball   circumduction  
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turning/movement of a body around its axis; btwn 1st 2 cervical vertebrae (‘no’ movement) & hip/shoulder joints   rotation  
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rotation of forearm such that palm of hand faces anteriorly to anatomic position; rotation of foot such that plantar surface of rotated upward   supination  
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specific rotational motion of forearm that moves palm into a down facing position, a specific rotational motion of foot in which plantar surface is rotated outward   pronation  
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turning inward, upside down, or in any direction contrary to existing one   inversion  
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turning outward, as of eyelid or foot   eversion  
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dentistry, extension of teeth/other maxillary/mandibular structures into a position anterior to normal   protraction  
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shrinking, drawing back, or pulling apart   retraction  
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act of assuming or being raised to an elevated position   elevation  
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displacement of a part downward or inward   depression  
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action taken when touch thumb to tips of other fingers on same hand; makes human hand fine tool for grasping & manipulating objects   opposition  
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synovial joint where articular surfaces are flat; allow only slipping/gliding movements; intercarpal & intertarsal joints; only examples of nonaxial joints   plane joints  
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synovial joint where cylindrical projection of 1 bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another; motion is along a single plane; elbow joint, interphalangeal joints, knee joint   hinge joints  
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synovial joint where rounded end of 1 bone protrudes into a “sleeve,” or ring; joints btwn atlas & dens of axis & proximal radioulnar joint   pivot joints  
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synovial joint where oval articular surface of one bone fits into a complementary depression in another; both articular surfaces are oval; all angular motions possible; metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joints & radiocarpal (wrist) joint   condyloid joints  
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synovial joint where similar to condyloid joints but allow greater movement; each articular surface has both concave & convex surface; carpometacarpal joint of thumb   saddle joints  
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synovial joint where spherical or hemispherical head of 1 bone articulates w/cup-like socket of another; most freely moving synovial joints; shoulder & hip joints   ball-and-socket joints  
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hinge joint that allows flexion & extension; radius & ulna articulate w/humerus at   elbow joint  
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gripping of trochlea of humerus by trochlea notch of ulna that forms __ joint of elbow   hinge  
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joint capsule of elbow joint is thin anteriorly & posteriorly, allowing   flexion & extension  
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radial & ulna collateral ligaments. of elbow joint, limits   side to side movements  
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tendons crossing elbow joint provide   security  
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ball-and-socket joint in which stability is sacrificed to obtain greater freedom of movement; head of humerus articulates w/glenoid fossa of scapula   glenohumeral (shoulder) joint  
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weak stability of shoulder joint is maintained by   thin, loose joint capsule, from margin of glenoid cavity to anatomical neck of humerus  
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weak stability of shoulder joint is maintained by four ligaments __, & three __   coracohumeral; glenohumeral  
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weak stability of shoulder joint is maintained by long head of __ __, which travels through intertubercular sulcus & secures humerus against glenoid cavity   biceps' tendon  
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weak stability of shoulder joint is maintained by rotator cuff (4 tendons) that encircle __ __ & blends w/articular capsule   shoulder joint  
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4 tendons that encircle shoulder joint & blends w/articular capsule   rotator cuff  
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travels through intertubercular sulcus & secures humerus against glenoid cavity   tendon of long head of biceps  
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1 coracohumeral, & 3 glenohumeral   ligament of shoulder joint  
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from margin of glenoid cavity to anatomical neck of humerus, exists a thin, loose __ __   joint capsule  
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caused by stretch injuries in tennis & baseball players   rotator cuff injuries  
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anterior dislocation of head of humerus; caused by forceful abduction/fall on outstretched hand   shoulder dislocation  
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mandibular condyle articulates w/temporal bone (mandibular fossa)   temporomandibular joint (TMJ)  
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depression & elevation of mandible   hinge movement of TMJ  
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lateral excursion, grinding of teeth   side-to-side movement of TMJ  
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mandibular condyle is braced against articular tubercle when mouth is   open wide  
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largest joint of body; allows flexion, extension, & some rotation; consists of 3 joints in 1 surrounded by a single joint cavity   knee joint  
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btwn patella & lower end of femur (plane joint)   femoropatellar joint  
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lateral & medial joints btwn femoral condyles & tibia (hinge joint)   tibiofemoral joint  
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__ __ of knee posteriorly & laterally only   articular capsule  
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patellar ligament; lateral & medial patellar retinacula; tibial & fibular & collateral ligaments are found __ in knee   anteriorly  
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continuation of tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle   lateral & medial patellar retinacula  
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prevent antero-posterior displacement of joint surfaces   anterior & posterior cruciate ligament(s)  
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(semilunar cartilages) of tibia- shock absorbers; prevent side-to-side rocking   lateral & medial menisci  
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common sports injuries from horizontal blows to knee, treated by repair/graft   collateral ligaments, cartilages (menisci), & cruciate ligaments  
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ball-and-socket joint; head of femur articulates w/acetabulum; good range of motion, but limited by deep socket & strong ligaments   hip joint  
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fibrocartilaginous rim attached to margin of acetabulum of hip bone; deepens cup   acetabular labrum  
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from rim of acetabulum to neck of femur, in hip joint   thick capsule  
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acetabular labrum, thick capsule, iliofemoral, pubofemoral & ischiofemoral ligaments, as well as muscles & tendons provide for   hip joint stability  
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partially/completely torn ligaments; injury to ligaments of a joint i.e. ankle, knee, lumbar spine   sprains  
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__ torn ligaments slowly repair themselves   partially  
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__ torn ligaments require surgery   completely  
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occur when bones are forced out of alignment, e.g. shoulder joint, TMJ; caused by falls & sports injuries   dislocations  
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partial dislocation of a joint   subluxation  
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tearing of knee menisci is example of   cartilage injury  
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inflammation of a bursa, usually caused by a blow/friction   bursitis  
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bursitis of prepatellar bursa   housemaids knee  
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caused by fall on knee   bursitis of prepatellar bursa  
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olecranon bursitis   students elbow  
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inflammation of olecranon bursa, overlying prominence of elbow   olecranon bursitis  
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inflammation of tendon sheaths typically caused by overuse; causes pain & swelling   tendinitis  
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characterized by erosion of articular cartilage, primary/2ndary to trauma/other conditions; exposed bone ends thicken, enlarge, form bone spurs, & restrict movement   osteoarthritis  
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osteoarthritis causes pain & loss of function result & most affected are   cervical & lumbar spine, knees, & hips, fingers, knuckles  
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osteoarthritis more prevalent in __ & is probably related to normal __ process   aged; aging  
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chronic inflammatory, autoimmune disease; occurs btwn 40-50 years; begins w/synovitis   Rheumatoid arthritis  
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inflamed synovial membrane thickens into a pannus   synovitis  
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erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms; ossifies; fusing bone ends   pannus  
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end result of RA produces   deformities  
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deposition of uric acid crystals in joints & soft tissues, followed by inflammation; typically effects joint at the base of great toe (1st metatarsophalangeal joint)   gouty arthritis  
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joint - synarthrosis   immovable  
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joint - amphiarthrosis   slightly movable  
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joint - diarthrosis   freely movable  
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joint - synostosis   formed by fusion of 2 bones  
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flexion is __ angle btwn bones   decreasing  
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adduction is movement __ midline of body   towards  
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hyperextension is extending body __ anatomical position   past  
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protraction is movement of body part forward in a(n) __ __   horizontal plane  
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elbow joint is a(n) __ joint   hinge  
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shoulder joint is a(n) __ joint   ball-and-socket  
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carpometacarpal joint is a(n) __ joint   saddle  
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radioulnar joint is a(n) __ joint   pivot  
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metacarpophalangeal joint is a(n) __ joint   condyloid  
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reinforces back of knee joint   popliteal ligaments  
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reinforces lateral surface of knee joint   fibular collateral ligament  
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range of motion for synovial joint for nonaxial   gliding  
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range of motion for synovial joint for uniaxial   1 plane  
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range of motion for synovial joint for biaxial   2 planes  
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range of motion for synovial joint for multiaxial   3 planes  
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diarthrosis is a(n) __ joint   synovial  
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symphysis is a(n) __ joint   cartilaginous  
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syndesmosis is a(n) __ joint   fibrous  
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shoulder joint contains __ ligament(s)   coracohumeral  
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hip joint contains __ ligament(s)   iliofemoral  
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knee joint contains __ ligament(s)   cruciate  
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elbow joint contains __ ligament(s)   anular  
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radiocarpal joint is a(n) __ joint   ellipsoidal  
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intervertebral joint is a(n) __ joint   plane  
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multiaxial joint is a(n) __ joint   ball-and-socket  
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uniaxial joint is a(n) __ joint   pivot  
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abnormal fusion of bones, in a joint, as result of disease/damage   ankylosing spondylitis  
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general term for pain & stiffness that affects skeletal/muscular system   rheumatism  
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joint inflammation caused by deposit of urate salts in soft joint tissues   gouty arthritis  
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degenerative condition, most common in elderly   osteoarthritis  
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acromion of scapula & clavicle is considered a(n)   synovial, plane joint  
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scapula and humerus is considered a(n)   synovial, ball-and-socket joint  
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ulna & radius w/humerus is considered a(n)   synovial, hinge joint  
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radius and ulna is considered a(n)   synovial, pivot joint  
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radius & proximal carpals is considered a(n)   synovial, condyloid joint  
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prevents hyperextension of knee   extracapsular collateral ligaments  
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prevents lateral/medial rotation when knee extended   fibular & tibial collateral ligaments  
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prevents forward sliding of tibia & checks hyperextension of knee   anterior cruciate ligaments  
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prevents backward displacement of tibia, &/or forward sliding of femur   posterior cruciate ligaments  
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exemplify movements of temporomandibular joint   elevation-depression  
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exemplify movements of radioulnar joint   pronation-supination  
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exemplify movements of coxal joint   circumduction of thigh  
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exemplify movements of ankle joint   dorsiflexion-plantar flexion  
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torn ligament/tendon, sometimes w/damage to meniscus/other cartilage   sprain  
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inflammation of joint capsule, often as complication of sprain   synovitis  
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displacement of bone from its normal position at joint; usually accompanied by sprain of adjoining connective tissues   dislocation  
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articular cartilage is smooth, slippery __ cartilage   hyaline  
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articular capsule is composed of __ & __ layers   fibrous; synovial  
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synovial fluid is secreted into joint & contains large amounts of __ __   hyaluronic acid  
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reinforcing ligaments can be __   intrinsic  
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flexion is a movement permitted by the __ joint   elbow  
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plantar flexion is pointing __ downward   toes  
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inversion is turning sole of foot __   medially  
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eversion is movement permitted by __ joint   atlantoaxial  
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example of pivot joint is the proximal __ joint   radioulnar  
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example of ball-and-socket joint is the __ joint   glenohumeral  
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example of hinge joint is the __ joint   interphalangeal  
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example of condyloid joint is the __ joint   metatarsophalangeal joint  
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opening your mouth exemplifies   depression  
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shrugging your shoulders exemplifies   elevation  
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touching your chin to your chest exemplifies   flexion  
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shaking your head no exemplifies   rotation  
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turning the palm up exemplifies   supination  
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turning the palm down exemplifies   pronation  
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turning sole of foot medially exemplifies   inversion  
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turning sole of foot laterally exemplifies   eversion  
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a fibrocartilage disc   menisci  
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synovial sac   bursa  
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bone to bone attachment   ligament  
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muscle to bone attachment   tendon  
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syndesmosis is a(n)   ligamentous connection, such as that between the bones of the lower leg  
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adduction is a(n)   movement towards the midline of the body  
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all synovial joints are   freely movable diarthroses  
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inversion is a(n)   twisting motion of the foot that turns the sole inward  
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a synarthrosis is a(n)   immovable joint  
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bursae are common in sites where ligaments, muscles, skin, or muscle tendons   overlie & rub against bone  
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bursae would not be located   around blood vessels  
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flexion occurs when   angle btwn bones is decreased  
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in an monoaxial articulation movement can occur   in only one axis  
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osteoarthritis is a(n)   non-inflammatory type of arthritis  
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osteoarthritis is referred to as   degenerative joint disease or "wear-and-tear arthritis"  
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example of a saddle joint   carpometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb  
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shoulder joint is the   joint that permits the greatest range of mobility of any joint in the body  
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anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments attach to anterior & posterior   intercondylar area of the tibia respectively  
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anterior cruciate ligament prevents   forward sliding of the tibia  
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posterior cruciate ligament prevents   backward displacement of the tibia or forward sliding of the femur  
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synovial fluid has a(n) __ __ to reduce friction btwn articular cartilages   viscous consistency  
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example of a synchondrosis   epiphyseal growth plate  
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movement of a joint could potentially damage   blood vessels by pinching them btwn bones  
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there are no blood vessels inside joint cavities of synovial joints because   movement would damage the delicate blood vessels  
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joints btwn ribs & sternum are connected by   cartilage & are thus cartilaginous joints  
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only joint in the body that can oppose   thumb  
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osseous components of a joint are not used to   structurally classify a joint  
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knee joints have a(n)   joint space  
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caused by the synovial fluid in a synovial joint   weeping lubrication  
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presence of tendon sheaths and bursae would not provide   stability to a synovial joint  
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ligaments be stretched up to 6% of their length and   not snap  
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considered simplest synovial joint movement   gliding of ribs on articular facet of vertebra  
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example of circumduction movement   pitcher winding up to throw ball  
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force to knee that would be considered most dangerous   lateral force to extended knee  
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knee can absorb __ __ up to 7x body weight   vertical force  
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tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii   "superstabilizer" of the shoulder joint  
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factor that contributes the most to the stability of the hip joint   deep socket that encloses the femoral head  
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provides the most stability to the elbow   ulnar trochlear notch  
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bursitis of the prepatellar bursa causes   water on the knee  
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is thought to contribute to the development of osteoarthritis   release of enzyme metalloproteinase  
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abduction and adduction always refer to movements of   appendicular skeleton  
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menisci are attached only at the outer margins of the knee & are   common athletic injuries  
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synovial joints are typically found at the ends of   long bones  
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pivot joints only permit   rotation  
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knee is a(n)   freely movable synovial joint of the diarthrotic type  
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protraction   non-angular anterior movement in a transverse plane  
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depression   occurs when the movement of the body part is downward  
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only example of gomphosis is the articulation of a(n)   tooth with its bony alveolar socket  
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pubic symphysis represents   amphiarthrotic articulation  
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suture is an example of   a synarthrosis  
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dislocation   common injury at the glenohumeral joint  
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metacarpophalangeal joints are   biaxial, condylar joints  
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because it has a loose joint capsule, the TMJ is   one of the easiest joints in the body to dislocate  
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gomphosis is classified as a(n)   fibrous joint  
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symphyses and synchondroses are classified as   cartilaginous joints  
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pivot joints are classified as   synovial joints  
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in sutures, bony edges   interlock  
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in syndesmoses, bones connected   exclusively by ligaments  
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gomphoses are __ fibrous joint   peg-in-socket  
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in synchondroses, plate of hyaline cartilage   unites bones  
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in symphyses, fibrocartilage is   main connecting material  
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all joints of __ are classified as synovial joints   limbs  
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muscle tone is a natural contributor to   joint stability  
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lubrication of joints   role of synovial fluid  
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bursae   flattened fibrous sacs that reduce friction between adjacent structures  
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nonaxial movement   slipping movements only  
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extension is the __ of flexion   reverse  
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supination   refers to movement of radius around ulna when palms of hands are rotated so that palms are facing upward  
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example of elevation & depression   shrugging one's shoulders  
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knuckle joints are   typical condyloid joints  
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shoulder & hip are   typical ball-and-socket joints  
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elbow is   typical hinge joint  
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suture joint is __ a synovial joint   not  
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oblique popliteal ligament   stabilizes the posterior aspect of the knee joint  
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patellar ligament   connects the kneecap (patella) to the tibia  
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patellar ligament can be tapped to generate   knee-jerk reflex  
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fibular and tibial collateral ligaments   critical in preventing lateral or medial rotation when the knee is extended  
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size of the glenoid cavity   contributes to instability of shoulder joint  
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depth of the socket in a ball-and-socket joint   usually affects joint stability  
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