The High Middle Ages
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| Who stood at the head of society in Europe but had limited power? | Feudal Monarchs
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| Domesday Book | a complete census in 1068. Included every castle and field in England.
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| Exchequer | treasury
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| common law | legal system based on custom and court rulings.
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| jury | group of men sworn to speak the truth. determined which cases should be brought to trial and were the ancestors of today's grand jury.
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| William, Duke of Normandy | Won battle of Hastings and on Christmas day in 1066, he was crowned king of England, with the title " " The conquerer.
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| William's government achievements | -domesday book
-exchequer
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| Henry II | energetic, and well educated king. broadened the system of royal justice
-common law
-jury
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| Thomas a Becket | archbishop at Canterbury. Close friend to Henry II. In 1170, 4 knights attacked and killed ____.
-honored as a martyr and declared a saint
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| King John | clever, greedy, cruel, and an untrustworthy king. Battled against King Philip II, Pope Innocent III, and his own English Nobles.
signed the magna carta
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| Magna Carta | 1215. The king affirmed a long list of feudal rights.
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| Grand Council | body of law evolved into Parliament. Helped unify England
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| Parliament | Unified England. Had representatives from the common people, lords and clergies. Later, was called model Parliament because it set up the framework for England's legislature. 2 bodies
House of Lords, and House of Commons.
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| Hugh Capet | count of Paris. was too weak to pose a threat. Bureaucracy
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| Philip II(Augustus) | French King. appointed paid middle class officials to fill gov't positions. Launched crusade against the Albigensians with the help of Pope Innocent III.
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| Louis IX | most admired French King. Was a saint.
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| Philip IV | Louis' grandson. clashed with Pope Boniface VIII. Beaten by Philip IV. created the estates general.
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| Estates General | had representatives from clergies, nobles, and townspeople. did not gain the power of the purse.
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| annul | invalidate.
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| crusade | a holy war
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| schism | to split
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| levy | collect
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| religious toleration | policy allowing people to worship as they choose
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| scholasticissm | school of thought that used logic and reason to support Christian belief
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| vernacular | the everyday languages of ordinary people, such as French, German, and Italian
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| epics | long narrative poems
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| flying buttresses | stone supports that stood outside the church
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| illumination | artistic decoration of books
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| epidemic | outbreak of rapid-spreading diseases
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| inflation | rising prices
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| longbow | 6 foot long bow that could rapidly fire arrows with enough force to pierce most armor
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| The Holy Roman Empire | an empire that included Germany, part of France and Italy.
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| Holy Roman emperors | took this title because they believed they were heirs to the emperors of Rome and were crowned by the Pope
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| Duke Otto I of Saxony | King of Germany. Later sent an army to help the pope defeat rebels and was rewarded by being crowned emperor in 982.
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| Pope gregory IV | spread Cluniac Reforms. Was admired and revered. banned lay investiture.
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| Emperor Henry IV | Holy Roman Emperor. argued against Pope Gregory's ban on lay investiture. was excommunicated. later sought revenge on the pope and forced him to exile.
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| Concordat of Worms | in 1122, they accepted a treaty that said; the Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority. the emperor had the right to invest them with fiefs.
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| Frederick I | Barbarossa. dreamed of building an empire from the Baltic to the Adriatic Sea. did not achieve his goals.
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| frederick II | grandson of Barbarossa. was an able, arrogant leader, willing to use any means to achieve his ends. also tried, but failed to subdue the cities of northern Italy.
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| Albigensian Crusades | Innocent and Philip launched a holy war against the Albigensians in southern France. they wanted to purify the church and return to the simple ways of early Christianity.
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| What is the importance of Islam? | created a new civilization that stretched from Spain to India. Muslim scholars and traders spread goods and ideas even further.
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| What is the importance of India? | It was politically divided, it was a land of thriving cities. Mathematicians invented a number system, which Arabs adapted and eventually passed to Europeans.
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| What is the importance of China? | China had a strong centralized government. China's culture flourished and influenced neighboring peoples.
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| What is the importance of West Arica? | The Soninke people were building the great trading empire of Ghana.
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| What is the importance of the Americas? | The Mayas had cleared rain forests and built cities dominated by towering temples.
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| Alexius I | A Byzantine Emperor that wished for Christian knights to help him fight the invading Turks.
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| Pope Urban II | listened to Alexius and called upon knights in the name of God to take back the land in Asia and march into the Holy Land.
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| Saladin | a Muslim leader that took back Jerusalem during the second crusade. Also defended Jerusalem in the third crusade.
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| What is the importance of the Constantinople in the fourth crusades? | When Christian knights failed to take back Jerusalem. Knights turned and helped Venetian merchants defeat their Byzantine trade rivals. The Crusaders captured and looted Constantinople, the Byzantine capital.
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| How did the crusades increase power for monarchs? | Rulers won new rights to levy taxes in order to support the Crusades.
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| Marco Polo | a young Venetian who set out for China with his father and uncle. Was known as the "prince of liars"
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| Reconquista | reconquest
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| Isabella and Ferdinand | married opened a way for a unified state.
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| Inquisition | a Church set up to try people accused of heresy.
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| cathedral schools evolved into____ | universities
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| location of the first universities | Salerno and Bologna in Italy. Paris and Oxford.
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| Student life | wake up at 5 for prayers. classes until 10am. first meal. then classes till 5pm.
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| curriculum | arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music, grammer, rhetoric, and logic
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| Women and education | were not allowed to attend universities. could not get jobs or an education.
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| Christine de Pizan | Italian born woman. raised her 3 children as a single mother(widow). earned a living by being a writer. one of the only women with a profession. Wrote the City of Ladies
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| Revolution in the world of learning | Muslim scholars translated the work of Greek thinkers into Arabic. Jewish scholars later translated it into Latin, the language of Christian Europeans.
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| Scholasticism | an idea that required reason to support Christian beliefs.
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| Why did science and mathematics make little progress? | the works of science did not fit with the Church.
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| towering stone cathedrals served as symbols of | were symbols of their wealth and religious devotion.
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| Romanesque church | looked like castles with thick walls and towers. had massive thick walls to hold up the ceiling. there were no windows, so inside was dark and gloomy.
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| Gothic church | had stone supports outside the church. supports allowed higher walls and left space for large stained-glass windows.
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| bubonic plague | a disease that was spread across Asia and Europe by fleas on rats
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| Joan of Arc | was a woman that inspired the battered and despairing French troops to fight anew. was declared a saint and later a martyr.
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| the cannon | a weapon used by the French to attack English castles.
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