Nervous System
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| master control and communication system | nervous system
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| Two Divisions of the central nervous system (CNS) | brain and spinal cord
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| 2 divisions of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) | cranial nerves and spinal nerves
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| how many pairs of cranial nerves | 12
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| how many pairs of spinal nerves | 31
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| signals move toward the CNS-2 terms | sensory or afferent signals
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| signals are carried away from the CNS-2 terms | motor or efferent signals
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| cell type which transmits electrical signals | neurons
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| excitable cell type | neurons
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| cell type which surround and wrap neurons | supporting cells
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| nonexcitable cell type | supporting cells
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| name the 3 main parts of a neuron | cell body, axon, dendrites
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| extensive branching portion of a neuron, function as receivers | dendrites
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| nerve fiber portion of a neuron, transmits impulses away from the cell body | axon
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| cordlike organs in the Peripheral nervous system | nerves
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| layer of delicate connective tissue surrounding a nerve axon | endoneurium
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| groups of nerve axons bound into bundles | nerve fascicle
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| connective tissue wrapping surrounding a nerve fascicle | perineurium
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| whole nerve is surrounded by a tough fibrous sheath called | epineurium
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| directional term meaning toward the nose | rostral
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| directional term meaning toward the tail | caudal
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| another name for the cerebral hemispheres | cerebrum
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| 3 parts of the diencephalon | thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
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| 3 parts of the brain stem | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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| 4 regions of the brain as a whole | cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
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| where is cerebrospinal fluid produced? | in the choroid plexuses
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| expansions of the brain's central cavity filled with cerebrospinal fluid | ventricles
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| deep grooves which separate the major regions of the brain | fissures
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| fissure which separates the cerebrum and cerebellum | transverse fissure
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| fissure which separates the two cerebral hemispheres | longitudinal fissure
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| grooves on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres | sulci
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| the twisted ridges between the cerebral sulci | gyri
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| sulcus which separates the frontal and parietal lobes | central sulcus
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| sulcus which separates the occipital from the parietal lobe | parieto-occipital sulcus
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| sulcus which separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes | lateral sulcus
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| lobe found deep within the lateral sulcus | insula
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| gray matter, external layer of the cerebral hemispheres | cerebral cortex
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| matter deep to the cerebral cortex | cerebral white matter
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| found deep within the cerebral white matter, 3 terms | deep gray matter, basal ganglia, basal nuclei
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| type of tract found in white matter: allows communication between right and left cerebral hemispheres | commisures
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| the largest commisure | corpus callosum
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| tract in cerebral white matter which connects different parts of the same hemisphere | association fibers
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| tract in cerebral white matter which run vertically between the cerebral hemispheres and the brain stem and spinal cord | projection fibers
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| brain part which forms the center core of the forebrain, surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres | diencephalon
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| part of the diencephalon: the gateway to the cerebral cortex | thalamus
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| part of the diencephalon: main visceral control center of the body | hypothalamus
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| part of the diencephalon: includes the pineal gland | epithalamus
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| endocrine gland which secretes the hormone melatonin (regulates sleep-wake cycle): found where? | pineal gland, found in the epithalamus of the diencephalon
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| parts of the brain stem from rostral to caudal: | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
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| cranial nerves I and II attach to the underside of the: | cerebrum
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| cranial nerves III-XII attach where? | brain stem
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| located dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata, this brain part smooths and coordinates body movements and helps maintain equilibrium | cerebellum
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| protective layer covers the CNS and encloses the vessels that supply it | meninges
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| 3 layers in order of depth of the meninges | dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
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| True or False: the spinal cord has two layers of dura mater | false
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| brain protection which prevents most blood-borne toxins from entering the brain, but not an absolute barrier | blood-brain barrier
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| inferior tapered end of the spinal cord | conus medullaris
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| long filament of connective tissue attaching the spinal cord to the coccyx inferiorly | filum terminale
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| origin for the spinal nerves that innervate the upper extremitites | cervical enlargement
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| origin for the spinal nerves that innervate the lower extremities | lumbar enlargement
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| collection of nerve roots inferiorly on the spinal cord | cauda equina
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| lateral projection on the spinal cord anchoring the cord to the vertebrae | denticulate ligaments
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| cranial nerve I | olfactory
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| olfactory nerve function | smell
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| cranial nerve II | optic
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| optic nerve function | sight
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| cranial nerve III | oculomotor
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| nerve controlling four of the extrinsic eye muscles | oculomotor
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| cranial nerve IV | trochlear nerve
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| nerve controlling an extrinsic eye muscle | trochlear nerve
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| cranial nerve V | trigeminal nerve
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| nerve providing sensory innervation to the face, motor innervation of the chewing muscles-3 primary branches: opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular | trigeminal nerve
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| cranial nerve VI | abducens nerve
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| nerve which abducts the eyeball | abducens nerve
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| cranial nerve VII | facial nerve
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| nerve which innervates muscles of facial expression | facial nerve
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| cranial nerve VIII | vestibulocochlear nerve
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| sensory nerve of hearing and balance | vestibulocochlear nerve
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| cranial nerve IX | glosspharyngeal nerve
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| nerve which innervates structures of the tongue and pharynx | glosspharyngeal nerve
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| cranial nerve X | vagus nerve
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| mixed sensory and motor nerve which wanders into the thorax and abdomen | vagus nerve
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| cranial nerve XI | accessory nerve
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| accessory part of the vagus nerve | accessory nerve
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| cranial nerve XII | hypoglossal nerve
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| nerve which innervates the tongue muscles | hypoglossal nerve
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| how many pairs of cervical nerves | 8
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| how many pairs of thoracic nerves | 12
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| how many pairs of lumbar nerves | 5
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| how many pairs of sacral nerves | 5
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| how many pairs of coccygeal nerves | 1
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| motorvisceral division of the peripheral nervous system also called the involuntary nervous system | autonomic nervous system
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| resting and digesting portion of the autonomic nervous system | parasympathetic
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| fight flight and fright response portion the the autonomic nervous system | sympathetic
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| ventricle opening: between the lateral ventricles and the thrid ventricle (connects the lateral ventricles with the third ventricle) | foramen of monro
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| another name for the foramen of monro | interventricular foramen
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| ventricle opening: lies between the thrid and fourth ventricle (connects the third and fourth ventricle) | aqueduct of sylvius
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| another name for the aqueduct of sylvius | cerebral aqueduct
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| connects the ventricles with the subarachnoid space, allows the cerebrospinal fluid to bathe the entire central nervous system (2-lateral and medial) | medial= foramen of magendie, lateral= foramen of luschke
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