education throughout Euro. history- 2nd period Alaina, Gabby, Maria
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| Behaviors of literacy at the beginning of the 20th century | -85% more people could read -Growing literacy expected to create a bigger labor force -Spain, Russia, Austria, Hungary and Balkans still had low literacy -literacy was the intellectual parallel to the railroad and steamboat
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| Reading Materials in the 19th century | -more periodlicles, books, libraries, etc because writers had a bogger audience
-number of freethinking intellectuals increased because more of the public could read ideas shared by writers
-books and journals catered to the marginally literate
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| Primary education in the 19th century | governments start building elementary schools in Britain under Gladstone's Education Act of 1870 - both liberals and conservatives deam education necessary - teacher profession created for women
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| Realist movement in literature | used midcentury cult of science to comfront readers with harsh reality of life- portrayed humans as subject to passions and materialism- saw society as a perpetual evil
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| Gustave Flaubert | realist writer- "Madame Bovary" 1857 is story of dull provincial life and a woman's search for love - reguarded as first genuinely realistic novel bc it didnt include heroism, purpose, or civility
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| Emile Zola | realist writer - wrote 20 novels with unusual themes like alcoholism, prostitution, adultry and labor strife- took leading role in defense of Captain Dreyfus from Dreyfus Affair
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| Henrik Ibsen | carried realism into dramatic perception of domestic life - wrote plays: "A Doll's House" "Ghost" and "The Master Builder"
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| George Bernard Shaw | Irish writer who defended works of Ibsen - wrote: "Mrs. Warren's Profession" about prostitution"Armsand the Man" and "Man and Superman" about scrns of love and war and and "Androcles and the lion" pillarising christianity
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| Revolt Against Reason | Friedrich Nietzsche= german philosopher who questioned reason - opposed only actiong rationally and advocated living human life to full extent - criticized democracy and christianity
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| Sigmund Freud | began psycoanalysis - examined various types of human behavior like decision making, dreams, and the roots of personality traits from childhood through adulthood - made revolutionary discoveries and theories of human behavior
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| studia humanitatis | a liberal arts program of study embracing grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics and moral philosophy
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| Humanism | scholarly study of the Latin and Greek classics and of the ancient Church Fathers - these people were usually great educators who mastered classical languages as well as the vernacular and rhetoric
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| "Education of the Orator" | written by Roman orator Quintilian - uncovered in 1416 - used as the basic classical guide for the humanist revision of the traditional cirriculum
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| Florentine Academy | informal gathering of influential Florentine Humanists devoted to the revival of the works of Plato and Neoplatonists
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| Printing press | combined with the cheap cost of paper productio, helped literacy rates rise - moveable type - invented by Johann Gutenburg
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| Modern Devotion | a kind of boarding school for reform-minded laity - started by the Bretheren of the Common life - represented individualistic approach to religion and sometimes hostile towards sacramental piety of the church and papal authority - Martin Luther went here
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| Nicolaus Copernicus | wrote "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres" in 1543 challenging the Ptolemaic Model - first to propose a heliocentric universe
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| Galileo Galilei | invented 8 lens-powered telescope which he used to make his own astronomical discoveries - popularized the Copernican system - wrote "Dialogue of the Two Cheif World Systems" defending Copernicus and put on trial during the inquisition
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| Francis Bacon | attacked scholastic thinkers for placing too much emphasis on knowledge of ancients - urged exploration in search of one's own understanding of nature - human knowledge should produce deeds not just results - empericism
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| Rene Descartes | invented analytic geometry - developed a scientific method that relied more on deductive reasoning than emperical observation - attacked scholatic philosophy and education and advocated mathematical model
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| Print Culture | a culture in which books, journals, and pamphlets achieved a higher status - 1700s volumes of printed material increased throughout euro. due to increase in literacy
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| 1st Encyclopedia | created by Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond de'Alembert in 1751(all 17 volumes by 1772) - shows enlightenment movement's determination to probe life on earth not just the religious realm
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| Education Act of 1870 | inforced in Britain by William Gladstone during his reign as prime minister - first time in British history that gov't took responsibility for establishing and running elementary schools
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