The Skull
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| protects the brain | cranium
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| forms superior, lateral, posterior surfaces & forehead | cranial vault
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| forms inferior aspect of skull | base
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| forms framework of face, sense organs, & teeth | facial bones
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| 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 frontal, 1 occipital, 1 sphenoid, 1 ethmoid | cranial bones (8)
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| forms anterior part of cranium; joins posteriorly w/parietal bones via coronal suture; shell-shaped | frontal bone
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| supraorbital margins, supraorbital notch, anterior cranial fossa, & frontal sinuses are __ __ of frontal bone | major markings
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| parietal bones form __ & __ aspect of skull | superior; lateral
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| coronal, sagittal, lambdoid & squamous | sutures associated w/parietal bones
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| located btwn parietal & frontal bones | coronal suture
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| located btwn right & left parietal bones | sagittal suture
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| located btwn parietal & occipital bones | lambdoid suture
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| located btwn parietal & temporal bones; scale-like suture, one w/opposing margins that are scale-like & overlapping | squamous suture
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| forms most of skull's posterior wall & base; articulates anteriorly w/paired parietal & temporal bones via lamboid & occipitomastoid sutures | occipital bone
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| foramen magnum is located in __ bone, considered major marking | occipital
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| foramen magnum, occipital condyles, hypoglossal canal, external occipital protuberance, & posterior cranial fossa are all | major markings of occipital bone
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| first cervical vertebra makes joint at __ __ | occipital condyles
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| projection from under-surface of basilar portion of occipital bone; , giving attachment to fibrous raphe of pharynx | pharyngeal tubercle
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| 1 of 2 elongated, oval facets on under-surface of occipital bone; 1 on each side of foramen magnum, which articulate w/atlas | occipital condyle
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| large opening in basal part of occipital bone through which spinal cord becomes continuous w/medulla oblongata | foramen magnum
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| depression behind condyle of occipital bone in which posterior margin of superior facet of atlas lies in extension | condylar fossa
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| ridge that extends laterally from external occipital crest, toward jugular process of occipital bone | inferior nuchal line
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| ridge that extends laterally from external occipital protuberance, toward lateral angle of occipital bone | superior nuchal line
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| ridge extending from external occipital protuberance to border of foramen magnum | external occipital crest
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| prominence about center of outer surface of squamous portion of the occipital bone; attachment to ligamentum nuchae | external occipital protuberance
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| relating to basilar process of occipital bone | basioccipital
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| developmental basilar process of occipital bone that unites w/condylar portions around 4th/5th year; becomes basilar part of occipital bone | basioccipital bone
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| nipple-like projection of petrous part of temporal bone | mastoid process
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| anterior process of temporal bone that articulates w/temporal process of zygomatic bone to form zygomatic arch | zygomatic process
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| broad, flat, thin (scale-like) anterior & superior portion of temporal bone forming part of lateral wall of cranial vault; vertical part | squamous region
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| smooth portion of mandibular articular fossa & eminence of temporal bone that articulates with disc of temporomandibular joint | articular surface of mandibular fossa
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| portion of petrous part of temporal bone bearing mastoid process | mastoid region
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| medial two thirds, which is formed as tympanic plate of temporal bone develops | external acoustic meatus
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| bony plate forming greater part of anterior wall of bony part of external acoustic meatus & tympanic cavity, & posterior wall of mandibular fossa | tympanic plate of temporal bone
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| temporal bones major markings in squamous region | zygomatic process & mandibular fossa
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| temporal bones major markings in tympanic region | external acoustic meatus & styloid process
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| temporal bones major markings in mastoid region | mastoid process & stylomastoid foramen
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| slender, needle-like, pointed projection running downward & slightly forward from base of inferior surface of petrous portion of temporal bone where it joins the tympanic portion | styloid process
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| distal/external opening of facial canal on inferior surface of petrous portion of temporal bone, btwn styloid & mastoid processes | stylomastoid foramen
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| stylomastoid foramen transmits the | VII N (facial nerve)
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| petrous part of temporal bone forms part of | cranial base btwn occipital & sphenoid bones
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| petrous part of temporal bone, anterior & posterior slopes lie in | middle & posterior cranial fossae
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| petrous part of temporal bone houses __ foramen | jugular
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| passage/fissure between the petrous portion of temporal bone & jugular process of occipital bone | jugular foramen
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| passage through petrous part of temporal bone from its inferior surface upward, medially, & anteriorly to apex where it opens posterior & superior to site of foramen lacerum | carotid canal
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| carotid canal transmits the __ carotid arteries | internal
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| squamous part of temporal bone, epidural space; injury to middle meningeal arteries | epidural hematoma
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| in epidural hematoma, rapid bleeding occurs btwn | outermost membrane covering brain & the bone
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| outermost membrane covering brain | dura
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| injury to veins in subdural space, slower bleeding | subdural hematoma
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| inflammation of mastoid sinuses; infection of mastoid air cells | mastoiditis
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| mastoid process contains mastoid __ | sinuses
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| butterfly-shaped bone, forms part of middle cranial fossa | sphenoid bone
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| short canal through lesser wing of sphenoid bone at apex of orbit that gives passage to optic nerve & ophthalmic artery | optic canal
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| groove on upper surface of sphenoid bone running transversely btwn optic canals bounded anteriorly by sphenoidal limbus & posteriorly by tuberculum sellae | chiasmatic groove
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| one of bilateral pair of triangular, pointed plates extending laterally from anterolateral body of sphenoid bone | lesser wing
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| strong squamous processes extending in broad superolateral curve from body of sphenoid bone | greater wing
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| fossa of sphenoid bone housing pituitary gland; located in sella turcica | hypophyseal fossa
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| posteriorly directed projection that is medial end of sphenoidal ridge (lesser wing of sphenoid) | anterior clinoid process
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| sharp superolateral corners of dorsum sellae that provide attachment for connective tissue fibers that radiate within tentorium cerebelli | posterior clinoid process
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| opening in base of greater wing of sphenoid bone, transmitting maxillary nerve | foramen rotundum
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| large oval opening in base of greater wing of sphenoid bone | foramen ovale
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| opening in base of greater wing of sphenoid bone, anterior to spine of sphenoid | foramen spinosum
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| square portion of bone on body of sphenoid posterior to sella turcica/hypophyseal fossa | dorsum sellae
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| central portion of sphenoid bone from which greater & lesser wings & pterygoid processes arise; sphenoidal sinuses lie within it | sphenoid body
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| sella turcica & hypophyseal fossa house | pituitary gland
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| cleft btwn greater & lesser wings of sphenoid, establishing channel of communication btwn middle cranial fossa & orbit | superior orbital fissure
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| deeply placed, lies btwn sphenoid & nasal bone | ethmoid bone
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| cribriform plate, cista galli, perpendicular plate, lateral masses & nasal conchae, & ethmoid sinuses are | major markings of ethmoid sinuses
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| triangular midline process extending superiorly from cribriform plate; dura attaches | crista galli of ethmoid bone
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| openings in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone, transmitting approx 20 bundles of nerve fibers that collectively constitute olfactory nerve (CN I) | olfactory foramen
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| olfactory foramen is also known as | cribriform foramina
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| thin plate of ethmoid bone forming part of medial wall of orbit & lateral wall for ethmoidal labyrinth | orbital plate
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| ethmoidal air cells; evaginations of mucous membrane of middle/superior meatus of nasal cavity into ethmoidal labyrinth, forming multiple small paranasal sinuses; subdivided into anterior, middle & posterior | ethmoidal sinuses
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| thin plate of bone projecting downward from crista galli of ethmoid; it forms part of nasal septum | perpendicular plate
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| middle thin, spongy, bony plate w/curved margins, part of ethmoidal labyrinth, projecting from lateral wall of nasal cavity & separating superior meatus from middle meatus | middle nasal concha
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| horizontal plate from which are suspended labyrinth, on either side, & lamina perpendicularis in center; olfactory nerves pass from nasal cavities to brain | cribriform plate of ethmoid bone
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| supports frontal lobe of brain; frontal bone, lesser wings of sphenoid, cribriform plate of ethmoid | anterior cranial fossa
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| supports temporal lobes; greater wings of sphenoid, anterior slope petrous part of temporal bone | middle cranial fossa
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| supports cerebellum; posterior slope of petrous bone, occipital bone | posterior cranial fossa
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| consists of a body, rami meeting it at angles; lower jaw | mandible
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| coronoid process, mandibular condyle, alveolar margin, mandibular foramen, mental foramen | major markings of mandible
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| synovial articulation btwn head of mandible & mandibular fossa & articular tubercle of temporal bone; fibrocartilaginous articular disc divides joint into 2 cavities | temporomandibular joint
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| smooth portion of the mandibular articular fossa & eminence of temporal bone that articulates with disc of temporomandibular joint | mandibular fossa of temporal bone
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| triangular anterior process of mandibular ramus, giving attachment to temporal muscle | coronoid process of the mandible
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| opening into the mandibular canal on medial surface of ramus of mandible giving passage to inferior alveolar nerve, artery, & vein | mandibular foramen
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| projecting ridge on inferior surface of body of maxilla that contains tooth sockets | alveolar margin of maxilla
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| anterior opening of mandibular canal on body of mandible lateral to & above mental tubercle; gives passage to mental artery & nerve | mental foramen
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| heavy, U-shaped, horizontal portion of mandible extending posteriorly to angle where it is continuous with ramus; it supports lower teeth | body of mandible
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| formed by lower margin of body & posterior margin of ramus of mandible | mandibular angle
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| upturned perpendicular extremity of mandible on either side; it gives attachment on its lateral surface to masseter muscle | ramus of mandible
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| articular process of the ramus of mandible; it includes head & neck of mandible, & pterygoid fovea | mandibular condyle
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| deep notch btwn condylar & coronoid processes of mandible | mandibular notch
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| medially fused bones that make up upper jaw | maxillary bones
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| palatine process, frontal process, zygomatic process, alveolar margin, & maxillary sinuses are | major markings of maxillary bones
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| medially directed shelves from maxillae that, w/horizontal plate of palatine bone; form bony palate | palatine process of maxilla
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| upward extension from body of maxilla, which articulates w/frontal bone | frontal process of maxilla
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| rough projection from maxilla that articulates w/zygomatic bone | zygomatic process of maxilla
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| superior aspect of body of mandible, containing tooth sockets of lower jaw | alveolar margin of mandible
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| largest of paranasal sinuses occupying body of maxilla; communicates w/middle meatus of nose | maxillary sinuses
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| paired air-filled cavities in bones of face, lined by mucous membrane continuous with that of nasal cavity | paranasal sinuses
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| paranasal sinuses are found in 5 skull bones | frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, & paired maxillary bones
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| smooth, triangular, slightly concave plate of bone extending posteriorly from body of maxilla to form most of floor of orbit | orbital surface of maxilla
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| external opening of infraorbital canal, on anterior surface of body of maxilla | infraorbital foramen
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| pointed projection at anterior extremity of intermaxillary suture | anterior nasal spine
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| form zygomatic arch w/zygomatic process of temporal bone & form inferolateral margins of orbits | zygomatic bones
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| zygomatic bones are also known as | cheek bones
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| form bridge of nose | nasal bones
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| form part of medial walls of orbit, contain the lacrimal fossa that houses the lacrimal sac | lacrimal bones
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| irregularly rectangular thin plate, forming part of medial wall of orbit posterior to frontal process of maxilla | lacrimal bone
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| lacrimal bone is __ for inferior nasal concha, ethmoid, frontal, & maxillary bones | articulation
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| bone of extremely irregular form on each side of skull; situated in posterior part of nasal cavity btwn maxilla & pterygoid process of sphenoid bone; contains horizontal & vertical (perpendicular) plates | palatine bone
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| __ bone articulates w/maxilla, inferior nasal concha, sphenoid, & ethmoid bones, the vomer & its fellow of the opposite side | palatine
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| joins bone of opposite side & forms back part of hard palate | horizontal plate
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| extended into 3 processes; helps to form floor of orbit, outer wall of nasal cavity, & several adjoining part; extends vertically upward from horizontal lamina | perpendicular plate
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| forms part of nasal septum | vomer
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| form part of lateral walls of nasal cavity | inferior nasal conchae
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| thin, rectangular; formed by orbital plate of ethmoid, lacrimal, frontal, & small part of sphenoid bones; fossa for lacrimal sac lies at its anterior limit | medial wall of orbit
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| triangular wall of orbit formed by zygomatic bone, greater wing of sphenoid bone, & small part of frontal bone; posteriorly it is bounded by superior & inferior orbital fissures | lateral wall of orbit
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| shortest of 4 walls of orbit, sloping upward from orbital margin; it is composed of maxilla & orbital process of palatine bone | floor of orbit
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| formed by orbital plate of frontal bone & lesser wing of sphenoid bone, optic canal opens at its posterior limit; an indentation, fossa for lacrimal gland, is located in anterolateral part of roof | roof of orbit
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| cavity constructed of bone & hyaline cartilage | nasal
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| curved, relatively short, anteroposterior passage on each side of nose that occupies middle 3rd of lateral wall of a nasal | superior meatus
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| curved anteroposterior passage in each nasal cavity; situated below middle nasal concha & extends along entire superior border of inferior nasal conch | middle meatus
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| space extending along lateral wall of nasal cavity btwn inferior nasal concha & floor of nasal cavity | inferior meatus
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| either of 2 air spaces lined w/mucous membrane, each of which lies w/in frontal bone, above one of orbits | frontal sinus
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| upper of 2 thin bony processes of ethmoid bone on lateral wall of each nasal fossa that forms upper boundary of superior meatus of nose | superior nasal concha
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| lower of 2 thin bony processes of ethmoid bone on lateral wall of each nasal fossa that separates superior & middle meatuses of nose | middle nasal concha
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| separate curved bony plate that is largest of the 3 & separates inferior & middle meatuses of nose | inferior nasal concha
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| superior nasal concha & middle nasal concha are part | of the ethmoid bone
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| either of 2 bones of skull that lie in front of frontal bones & are oblong in shape, forming by their junction bridge of nose & partly covering the nasal cavity | nasal bone
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| formed by union of processes of 2 premaxillae & projects upward btwn anterior nares | anterior nasal spine
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| either of 2 membrane bone elements of upper jaw that lie lateral to premaxillae & bear most of teeth | maxillary bone
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| either of 2 irregular cavities in body of sphenoid bone that communicate w/nasal cavities | sphenoid sinus
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| long process extending downward from junction of body & greater wing of sphenoid bone on either side | pterygoid process of sphenoid bone
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| depression in middle line of upper surface of sphenoid bone in which pituitary gland is lodged | sella turcica
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| air enters from nasal cavity & mucus drains into nasal cavity from sinuses | in paranasal sinuses
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| lighten skull & humidify inspired air | function of paranasal sinuses
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| U-shaped bone/complex of bones that is situated btwn base of tongue & larynx; supports tongue, larynx, & their muscles | hyoid bone
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| hyoid bone is only bone in body that | does not articulate directly w/another bone
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| hyoid bone lies just inferior to | mandible in anterior neck
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| larger & more lateral of 2 processes on either side of hyoid bone | greater horn
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| shorter & more medial of 2 processes on either side of hyoid bone | lesser horn
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| part of hyoid bone, from which greater & lesser horns extend | body of hyoid bone
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| body;s most complex bony structure; formed by cranial & facial bones (total of 22) | skull
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| bony protective encasement of brain & organs of hearing & equilibrium | cranium
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| immovable fibrous joint | suture
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| the one exception that all bones of skull are united by sutures | mandible
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| cranium divided into __ & __ | vault; base
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| forms superior, lateral & posterior aspects of skull as well as forehead | cranial vault
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| cranial vault also called | calvaria
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| forms skull's inferior aspect | cranial base
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| internally prominent bony ridges that divide cranial base into anterior, middle, & posterior | fossae
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| brain is said to occupy | cranial cavity
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| brain sits snug in | cranial fossae
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| because __ __ of cranium is curved, it is self-bracing | superior aspect
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| thickened superior margins of orbits that lie under eyebrows | supraorbital margin
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| notch/foramen in bony border of upper inner part of orbit serving for passage of supraorbital nerve, artery, & vein | supraorbital notch
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| smooth prominence btwn eyebrows | glabella
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| line of union of frontal & of 2 nasal bones | frontonasal suture
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| occipital bone joins w/sphenoid bone in cranial floor via its __ __, which bears midline projection called pharyngeal tubercle | basilar region
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| hidden medially & superiorly to each occipital condyle; cranial nerve XII passes | hypoglossal canal
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| sheetlike elastic ligament that connects vertebrae of neck to skull | ligamentum nuchae
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| deep; contributes to cranial base; looks like miniature mountain ridge btwn occipital bone posteriorly & sphenoid anteriorly | petrous part of temporal bone
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