Endocrine System
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| What is the Endocrine system | a system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone into the bloodstream to regulate the body
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| what is a gland | any organ producing secretions
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| what are the 2 types of glands | Endocrine & Exocrine
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| Endocrine Glands - Internal Secretion function | secrete directly into bloodstream, carried to entire body
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| Endocrine Glands - Produce Hormone | substance created by the gland
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| Endocrine Gland - Ductless | Endocrine Glands are ductless
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| Endocrine Glands - Produce overall body effect | * hormones usually affected by specific organ or body area
ex. Pituatary gland responsible for thyroid
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| Exocrine Glands - Secretions | * HAVE DUCTS - external secretion onto body surface or organ
* not secreted throughout the body
* located in proximity
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| Exocrine Glands - Enzymes | Produce Enzymes
ex. enzymes in stomach, sweat, tears, etc
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| Exocrine Glands - Ducts | secreted into a duct
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| Functions of Endocrine System | Growth
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| Functions of Endocrine System | Stress Response
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| Functions of Endocrine System | Metabolism
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| Functions of Endocrine System | Transportation
ex. insulin transports glucose into cells
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| Functions of Endocrine System | Homeostasis
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| Functions of Endocrine System | Reproduction
ex. ovulation, sperm/ova production
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| Functions of Endocrine System | Lactation
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| Regulation of Endocrine System - Negative Feedback | regulates negative feedback
ex. if a hormone level gets too low, it stimulates a chain reaction to make more
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| Regulation of Endocrine System - Nervous System | * Nervous System PituitaryControls the Endocrine & Exocrine Systems
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| Regulation of Endocrine System - Nervous System - Hypothalamus | Hypothalamus is part of the nervous system
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| Regulation of Endocrine System - Nervous System - Hypothalamus produces what 2 hormones? | Vasopressin (anti-diuretic hormone or ADH)
Oxytocin
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| Hypothalamus controls release of hormones from what gland? | Pituitary
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| Pituitary Gland also known as | Master Gland
*controls some other glands
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| Pituitary Gland is size of | grapes
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| Pituitary Gland is located | at base of brain
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| Pituitary Gland has 2 divisions | Anterior Pituitary Lobe
Posterior Pituitary Lobe
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| Pituitary - Anterior - (GH) Growth Hormone | for growth & develpoment
* helps maintain blood sugar levels
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| Pituitary - Anterior - (PRL) Prolactin | females- develops breast tissue & makes milk
*mammary glands are exocrine*
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| Pituitary - Anterior -(TSH) -Thyroid Stimulating Hormone | growth & secretion of Thyroid Gland
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| Pituitary - Anterior - (ACTH) Adrenocrticotropic Horomone | growth & secretion of Adrenal CORTEX
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| Pituitary - Anterior - (FSH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone | females- estrogen production
males- sperm production
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| Pituitary - Anterior - (LH) Luteinizing Hormone | stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum
makes progesterone
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| Pituitary - Anterior -(ICSH) Interstitial Cell Stimulation Hormone | for testerone production
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| Pituitary - Posterior Lobe | stores hormones produced by hypothalamus
**does not produce any hormones, storage only**
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| Pituitary - Posterior - Vasopressin | Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)
- maintains fluid balance
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| Pituitary - Posterior - Oxytocin | for uterine contractions during childbirth
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| Pituitary - Disorders- Hyperfunctioning - Hypersecretion - GIGANTISM | too much growth hormone
begins in CHILDHOOD
all bones too big
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| Pituitary Disorders - Hyperfunctioning - Hypersecretion- ACROMEGALY | too much growth hormones in ADULTHOOD
affects mostly cartilage - ears, nose, hands, etc.
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| Pituitary Disorders - Hypofunctioning - DWARFISM | shortage of growth hormones in childhood
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| Pituitary Disorders - Hypofunctioning - Diabetes Insipidus | loss in amount of ADH
excess loss of H20 & electrolytes
*excess thirst**
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| Thyroid Gland - Charcteristics | butterfly shaped, behind anterior part of neck, beside larynx, over trachea
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| Thyroid Gland - Function | Makes 3 hormones
**regulates metabolism**
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| Thyroid Gland - Hormones - T4 | Thyroxine
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| Thyroid Hormones - T3 | Triodothyronine - increases metabolism
Stimulated by TSH
Iodine needed ti make T3 & T4
helps change glycogen to glucose
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| Thyroid Hormones - Calcitonin | lowers calcium levels in blood by stimulating bones to absorb more calcium
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| Thyroid Disorders - Diagnosed by | blood test
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| Thyroid Disorders - Hyperthyroidism - Graves Disease | too much thyroid hormones
s/s (signs/symptoms)-
weight loss, feeling hot, elevated heart rate, increased blood pressure, goiter, exopthalmos (bulging eyeballs)
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| Thyroid Disorders - Hypothyroidism - MYXEDEMA | not enough thyroid hormone, occurs in adults, weight gain, memory loss, confusion
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| Thyroid Disorders - Hypothyroidism - CRETINISM | begins in infancy
smaller in size
possible mental retardation
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| Parathyroid Glands | there are 4
size of grain of rice
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| Parathyroid Glands - location | attached to thyroid gland
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| Parathyroid Glands - function | regulates calcium & phosphorus levels
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| Parathyroid Glands - Parathormone | main hormones secreted
raises blood calcium levels by stimulating bones to release calcium into bloodstream
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| Parathyroid Glands - Disorders - Hyperfunctioning | too much calcium in blood
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| Parathyroid Glands - Disorders - Hyperfunctioning - Kidney Stones | calcium level in blood too high
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| Parathyroid Glands - Disorders - Hyperfunctioning - Fragile Bones | lack of calcium in bones
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| Parathyroid Glands - Disorders - Hypofunctioning | lack of parathormone
calcium low in blood
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| Parathyroid Glands - Disorders - Hypofunctioning - TETANY | twitching, spasms in muscles
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| Thymus Gland | **part of Endocrine & Lymphatic Systems**
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| Thymus Gland - Location | under sternum, above heart
large in infancy/childhood, gets smaller with age
almost disappears in puberty
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| Thymus Gland - Thymosin Hormone | Stimulates lymph cells to fight disease
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| Adrenal Glands - location | top of each kidney
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| Adrenal Cortex | secretes corticoids
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| Adrenal Cortex- Mineralocorticoids | Alsodterone- tells kidney to reabsorb sodium
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| Adrenal Cortex - Glucocorticoids- Cortisol | Cortisol - increases glucose in blood (blood sugar)
decreases inflammation, stops pain
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| Adrenal Cortex - Glucocorticoids- Cortisone | cortisol is converted to cortisone
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| Adrenal Cortex - Androgens | outside of reproductive organs
help make MALE sexual characteristics
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| Adrenal Medulla | Fight or Flight response
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| Adrenal Medulla - Epinephrine & Norephinephrine | released when a host of physiological changes are activated by a stressful event
increased blood sugar, heart rate, BP, blood flow
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| Adrenal Glands - Disorders - Hyperfunctioning - Cushings | too much cortisone/cortisol
- poor healing, MOON FACE, buffalo back, abdominal edema/fat with thin extremities
*caused by prolonged steroid use or too much cortisol
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| Adrenal Glands - Disorders - Hypofunctioning -Addison's Disease | not enough cortisol/cortisone
- low BP, low sugar electrolyte imbalances
*bronze skin
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| Gonads | controlled hormonally by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
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| Gonads - Female - Ovaries | Hormones are:
Estrogen- primary female hormone
Progesterone- steroid hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle, pregnancy
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