Endocrine System
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| The endocrine system secretes? | Hormones
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| Endocrine glands secrete directly into the? | Blood stream or interstitial space
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| Endocrine glands do not have? | Ducts
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| What are chemicals that bring about a change in the body? | Hormones
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| Hormones hace specific affects on certain structures called? | Target organs or target tissues
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| What are variations of the AA tryosine? | Amines
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| Thyroxine is a? | Amines
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| What is a subgroup of amines? | Catecholamines
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| Catecholamines include? | Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
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| Long chains of amino acids are? | Proteins
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| Proteins include? | Insulin, growth hormone, calcitonin
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| What are in the same category of proteins, but shorter chains? | Peptides
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| Peptides include? | ADH and oxytocin
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| What are cholesterol derivatives? | Steroids
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| Steroids include? | Cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
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| Growth hormone is secreted from the? | Anterior pituitary
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| Calcitonin is secreted from the? | Thyroid gland
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| Cortisol and aldosterone are secreted from the? | Adrenal cortex
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| Estrogen and progesterone are secreted from the? | Ovaries
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| Testosterone is secreted from the? | Testes
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| In men, LH stimulates secretion of testosterone by the? | Testes
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| Cells of endocrine glands respond to? | Chemical changes, other hormone, or nervous system stimulation
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| During a negative feedback, when a hormone brings about its affect, the hormone is? | Inhibited from being released
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| What hormones are released in order to cause other hormones to be released? | Releasing hormones
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| Anterior pituitary hormones are released by? | Releasing hormones
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| Some hormones have an ____________ that affects tissues in an opposite way? | Antagonistic pair
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| Pituitary gland is also called? | Hypophysis
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| The pituitary gland hangs by short stalk called the? | infundibulum
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| The pituitary gland hangs by short stalk called the infundibulum from the? | Hypothalamus
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| The pituitary gland is enclosed in the? | Sella Turcica (Turkish saddle)
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| The pituitary gland is enclosed in Sella Turcica in the? | Sphenoid bone
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| What gland is pea-sized? | Pituitary gland
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| What gland regulates many body functions? | Pituitary gland
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| What gland is divided into two parts, anterior and posterior? | Pituitary gland
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| The posterior pituitary is also known as? | Neurohypophysis
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| The posterior pituitary extends from the? | Nerve tissue of the hypothalamus
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| What two hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary? | ADH, oxytocin
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| What hormone helps maintain blood pressure? | ADH
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| ADH is what type of hormone? | Peptide
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| The hormone that directly increases the reabsorption of water by the kidneys is? | ADH
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| Increased secretion of ADH will _________ urinary output? | Decrease
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| Release of ADH is stimulated by? | Decrease water concentration in the blood
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| Release of ADH is stimulated by decrease water concentration in the blood monitored by? | Osmoreceptor in hypothalamus
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| Hypothalamus transmits nerve impulses through the _______________ to the posterior pituitary to increase ADH secretion? | Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
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| Alcohol intake will _________ ADH secretion? | Decrease
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| During major blood loss ADH is released in larger amounts and causes? | Vasoconstriction
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| Thirst and dizziness result and are called a? | Hangover
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| What kind of hormone is oxytocin? | Peptide
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| Oxytocin stimulates? | Uterine contractions
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| The effect of oxytocin on the uterus is to cause? | Contractions
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| Toward the end of pregnancy, oxytocin is released from the? | Placenta
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| Infant suckling stimulates the? | Hypothalamus
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| Infant suckling triggers oxytocin release from the pituitary which triggers? | Milk release or let down
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| The anterior pituitary is also called? | Adenohypophysis
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| Anterior pituitary is made of? | Glandular tissue
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| Anterior pituitary is regulated by? | Releasing hormones
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| In the anterior pituitary, releasing hormones are secreted through the? | Hypophyseal portal system
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| Anterior pituitary is regulated by releasing hormones from the? | Hypothalamus
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| GH is also known as? | Growth hormone or somatotropin
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| What hormone promotes growth? | GH
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| GH stimulates cells to produce? | IGFs (Insulin-like Growth Factor)
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| What are intermediary molecules that bring about the functions of GH? | IGFs
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| What hormone increases the transport of amino acids into cells? | GH
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| GH increases the rate of? | Protein synthesis
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| GH insures that AA's are used for? | Protein synthesis
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| What hormone stimulates mitosis? | GH
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| GH stimulates mitosis for? | Growth and repair
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| GH aids in converting lipids to? | Carbohydrates
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| Lipids are? | Fats
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| Carbohydrates are? | Sugars
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| What hormone is active in all ages? | GH
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| GH is regulated by 2 releasing hormones from the hypothalamus called? | GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone) and somatostatin
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| GHRH _________ secretion of GH? | Increases
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| GHRH is produced during? | Hypoglycemia and exercise
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| Somatostatin is also known as? | GHIH (Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone)
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| What hormone decreases secretion of GH? | Somatostatin
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| High levels of AAs in the blood also stimulate secretion of? | GH
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| TSH is also known as? | Thyroid stimulating hormone or Thyroidtropin
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| TSH stimulates release of? | Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)
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| TSH stimulates release of T4 and T3 from the? | Thyroid gland
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| TSH secretion is stimulated by? | Thyroidtropin releasing hormone (TRH)
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| TSH secretion is stimulated by TRH from the? | Hypothalamus
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| What hormone is produced when metabolic rate slows? | TRH
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| ACTH stands for? | Adrenocorticotropic hormone
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| ACTH stimulates release of hormones from the? | Adrenal cortex
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| Secretion of ACTH is increased by? | Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
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| ACTH secretion is increased by CRH from the? | Hypothalamus
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| What hormone is produced during physical stress? | CRH
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| Prolactin initiates and maintains milk? | Production
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| What hormone initiates and maintains milk production? | Prolactin
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| What hormone increases secretion of Prolactin? | Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
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| What hormone decreases secretion of Prolactin? | Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
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| FSH stands for? | Follicle stimulating hormone
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| In women, FSH stimulates the growth of? | Ovarian follicles
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| Im men, FSH stimulates the growth of? | Sperm production
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| What hormone increases secretion of FSH? | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
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| What gland is located anterior and bilateral to the trachea? | Thyroid gland
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| The thyroid gland is located anterior and bilateral to the? | Trachea
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| The 2 lobes of the thyroid are connected via the? | Isthmus
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| Structural units of the thyroid are called? | Thyroid follicles
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| Thyroid follicles produces? | T3 and T4
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| T3 contains 3 ________ molecules? | Iodine
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| T4 contains 4 ________ molecules? | Iodine
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| What is an enlarged thyroid called? | Goiter
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| What 2 hormones increases energy production (from food) and protein synthesis? | T3 and T4
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| Release of T3 and T4 is stimulated by? | TSH
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| Release of T3 and T4 is stimulated by TSH from the? | Anterior pituitary
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| Calcitonin decreases? | Blood calcium
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| Calcitonin increases? | Bone mineralization
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| Calcitonin maintains normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate by? | Decreasing reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from the bones to the blood
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| By decreasing reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from the bones to the blood, blood levels are? | Lowered
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| Calcitonin is stimulated by? | Hypercalcemia
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| What are the 2 glands on the posterior of each lobe of the thyroid gland? | Parathyroid glands
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| PTH stands for? | Parathyroid hormone
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| PTH is antagonist to calcitonin, thus it _________ blood calcium and phosphate? | Increases
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| What hormone targets the bones, small intestines, and kidneys? | PTH
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| PTH ________ mineralization and absorption of food? | Decreases
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| PTH is stimulated by? | Hypocalcemia
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| The pancreas is located mainly in the? | LUQ
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| The pancreas is both? | Endocrine and exocrine
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| The functional unit of the pancreas are? | Pancreatic/Islets of Langerhans
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| Pancreatic/Islets of Langerhans are made up of 2 types of cells called? | Alpha cells and Beta cells
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| Alpha cells produce? | Glucagon
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| Beta cells produce? | Insulin
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| What stimulates the liver to begin glycogenolysis and use lipids and AAs for energy by glucogenesis? | Glucagon
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| Glucagon stimulates the liver to begin _________ and use lipids and AAs for energy by ____________? | Glycogenolysis, glucogenesis
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| Glucogenesis is? | Sugar production
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| Glucagon is stimulated by? | Hypoglycemia
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| Hypoglycemia is? | Low blood sugar
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| What does insulin do to the blood sugar? | Decreases blood sugar
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| What decreases blood sugar by increasing permeability of cells to glucose and stimulating glycogenesis? | Insulin
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| Insulin decreases blood sugar by increasing permeability of cells to glucose and stimulating _________ in the liver and muscles? | Glycogenesis
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| Insulin is stimulated by? | Hyperglycemia
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| What 3 organs do not need insulin to absorb glucose? | Brain, liver, and kidneys
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| Adrenal glands are also called? | Suprarenal glands
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| Adrenal glands are located? | On the top of each kidney
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| The adrenal glands are located into 2 parts? | Cortex and medulla
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| The adrenal medulla is ____________, mimic (& prolong) the effects of the sympathetic NS? | Sympathomimetic
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| Sympathomimetic is stimulated by the? | SNS
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| Adrenal medulla secretes? | Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| Epinephrine is known as? | Adrenalin
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| Norepinephrine is? | Norepinephrine
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| What is a subclass of amines called? | Catecholamines
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| Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine during _________ situations? | Stressful
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| Norepinephrine is released in _______ amounts? | Small
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| What causes vasoconstriction in the skin, viscera, and skeletal muscle? | Norepinephrine
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| Epinephrine is secreted in ______ amounts? | Large
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| What increases heart rate and force of contraction? | Epinephrine
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| Epinephrine causes vaso________ in skin and viscera? | Constriction
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| Epinephrine causes vaso________ in skeletal muscles? | Dilation
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| Epinephrine will ______ bronchioles? | Dilate
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| Epinephrine wil ________ peristalsis? | Decrease
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| Epinephrine ________ glycogenolysis? | Stimulates
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| Epinephrine ________ glucogenesis from lipids? | Stimulates
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| Epinephrine ________ cell respiration | Inreases
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| Epinephrine is stronger than the? | SNS
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| The adrenal cortex secretes 3 types of steroid hormones called? | Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones
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| The sex hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex include? | Estrogen (female) and androgens (male)
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| Sex hormones are produced in _____ amounts? | Small
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| Aldosterone is a? | Mineralocorticoid
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| What is the most abundant mineralocorticoid? | Aldosterone
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| Aldosterone primarily targets the? | Kidneys
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| Aldosterone primarily targets the kidneys to increase reabsorption of? | Na+
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| H+ are exchanged for Na+ and raises? | Blood pH
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| Negative ions (Cl- and HCO3-) follow Na+ and cause water to follow by setting up a concentration gradient to ________ blood volume and BP? | Increases
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| In the renin-angiotensin mechanism, the kidneys secrete _________ when BP decreases? | Renin
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| Renin causes the plasma protein ___________ to be made? | Angiotensin II
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| Angiotensin II causes? | Vasoconstriction
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| Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and the adrenal cortex to release? | Aldosterone
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| Renin-angiotensin mechanism _________ BP? | Increases
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| Cortisol is released from the? | Adrenal cortex
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| Cortisol is a? | Glucocorticoid
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| Glucose-sparing increases _________ from lipids and excess AAs | Glucogenesis
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| Cortisol ensures that available glucose gets used by the? | Brain
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| Can brain cells convert other molecules into glucose like other tissue types? | NO
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| Cortisol is an anti-________? | Anti-inflammatory
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| An anti-inflammatory blocks? | Histamine
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| What increases capillary permeability and allows lysozymes to spread? | Histamine
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| Corticosteroids are modeled after? | Cortisol
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| Cortisol is released during? | Times of physical or psychological stress
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| ACTH is released from the? | Anterior pituitary
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| CRH increases ACTH which increases? | Cortisol
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| CRH is released from the? | Hypothalamus
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| Is estrogen a steroid? | Yes
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| What is secreted from the follicle cells and the placenta during pregnancy? | Estrogen
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| Estrogen is increased by? | FSH
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| Estrogen promotes maturation of the? | Ovum and the endometrium
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| Estrogen promotes secondary characteristics in? | Women
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| Secondary sex characters in women include? | Growth of the duct system in the mammary gland, growth of the uterus, and deposition of fat tissue in hips and thighs.
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| Estrogen lowers? | Blood cholesterol and triglycerides
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| In men, _________ is converted to estrogen? | Testosterone
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| In men, testosterone is converted to? | Estrogen
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| Is progesterone a steroid? | Yes
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| Progesterone is secreted from the? | Corpus luteum and the placenta during pregnancy
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| What is secreted from the corpus luteum and the placenta during pregnancy? | Progesterone
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| The functions of progesterone incude? | Promotes glycogenesis, maturation of the endometrium and development of the secretory cells of the mammary glands.
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| Is inhibin a protein? | Yes
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| What decreases FSH and GnRH? | Inhibin
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| Estrogen is produced in the? | Ovaries
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| Testosteron is produced in the? | Testes
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| Is testosteron a hormone? | Yes
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| Testosterone is secreted by? | Interstitial cells
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| Testosterone is stimulated by? | LH
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| The functions of testosterone include? | Promotes sperm maturation, secondary sex characteristics in men, facial and body hair, enlargement of the larynx, and hypertrophy of skeletal muscle
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| Inhibin is secreted by? | Sustentacular/Sertoli cells
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| Inhibin is stimulated by? | Testosterone
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| Inhibin decreases? | FSH
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| What is produced in the pineal gland? | Melatonin
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| The pineal gland is located? | Posterior to the 3rd ventricle
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| Melatonin is increased during? | Darkness
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| The function of melatonin is to? | Stimulate sleep and increase duration
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| Prostiglandins (PG) are made in virtually all cells from? | Phospholipids of their cell membrane
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| Prostiglandins are local meaning? | They do no circulate in the blood
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| There are 9 types (PGA-PG1) and subtypes (1,2 etc.) of? | Prostiglandins
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| The functions of prostiglandins include? | Increase or decrease inflammation, vasodilation or vasoconstriction, uterus contraction, increasing pain, clotting, reproduction, & digestive gland secretion increase
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| Hormones bond to receptors on? | Target cells
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| Only target cells have the? | Receptors
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| Receptors are in the? | Membrane, cytoplasm, or nucleus
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| The two messenger mechanism is only with? | Protein hormones
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| During the first messenger, protein hormones bond to? | Suface receptors on the membrane
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| The enzyme adenyl cyclase is activated in the _______ surface? | Inner
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| Adenyl cyclase activates _______ -the second messenger? | cAMP (cyclic Adenosine Mono Phosphate)
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| What causes a response specific to the cell based on enzymes within the cell? | cAMP
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| T or F? cAMP causes changes in membrane permeability to specific substances? | True
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| T or F? cAMP causes an increase in translation? | True
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| T or F? cAMP causes an activation of other enzymes? | True
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| T or F? cAMp causes secretion of cellular products? | True
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| Steroids are lipid soluble therefore they? | Diffuse through the cell membrane
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| Steroid hormones combine with receptors in the? | Cytoplasm
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| The steroid-protein complex enters the? | Nuclues
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| Steroid hormones activates specific? | Genes
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| Steroid hormones activates specific genes to initiate________ and then? | Transcription, translation
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