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Ch.10/MED 127
Endocrine System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The endocrine system secretes? | Hormones |
| Endocrine glands secrete directly into the? | Blood stream or interstitial space |
| Endocrine glands do not have? | Ducts |
| What are chemicals that bring about a change in the body? | Hormones |
| Hormones hace specific affects on certain structures called? | Target organs or target tissues |
| What are variations of the AA tryosine? | Amines |
| Thyroxine is a? | Amines |
| What is a subgroup of amines? | Catecholamines |
| Catecholamines include? | Epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine |
| Long chains of amino acids are? | Proteins |
| Proteins include? | Insulin, growth hormone, calcitonin |
| What are in the same category of proteins, but shorter chains? | Peptides |
| Peptides include? | ADH and oxytocin |
| What are cholesterol derivatives? | Steroids |
| Steroids include? | Cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone |
| Growth hormone is secreted from the? | Anterior pituitary |
| Calcitonin is secreted from the? | Thyroid gland |
| Cortisol and aldosterone are secreted from the? | Adrenal cortex |
| Estrogen and progesterone are secreted from the? | Ovaries |
| Testosterone is secreted from the? | Testes |
| In men, LH stimulates secretion of testosterone by the? | Testes |
| Cells of endocrine glands respond to? | Chemical changes, other hormone, or nervous system stimulation |
| During a negative feedback, when a hormone brings about its affect, the hormone is? | Inhibited from being released |
| What hormones are released in order to cause other hormones to be released? | Releasing hormones |
| Anterior pituitary hormones are released by? | Releasing hormones |
| Some hormones have an ____________ that affects tissues in an opposite way? | Antagonistic pair |
| Pituitary gland is also called? | Hypophysis |
| The pituitary gland hangs by short stalk called the? | infundibulum |
| The pituitary gland hangs by short stalk called the infundibulum from the? | Hypothalamus |
| The pituitary gland is enclosed in the? | Sella Turcica (Turkish saddle) |
| The pituitary gland is enclosed in Sella Turcica in the? | Sphenoid bone |
| What gland is pea-sized? | Pituitary gland |
| What gland regulates many body functions? | Pituitary gland |
| What gland is divided into two parts, anterior and posterior? | Pituitary gland |
| The posterior pituitary is also known as? | Neurohypophysis |
| The posterior pituitary extends from the? | Nerve tissue of the hypothalamus |
| What two hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary? | ADH, oxytocin |
| What hormone helps maintain blood pressure? | ADH |
| ADH is what type of hormone? | Peptide |
| The hormone that directly increases the reabsorption of water by the kidneys is? | ADH |
| Increased secretion of ADH will _________ urinary output? | Decrease |
| Release of ADH is stimulated by? | Decrease water concentration in the blood |
| Release of ADH is stimulated by decrease water concentration in the blood monitored by? | Osmoreceptor in hypothalamus |
| Hypothalamus transmits nerve impulses through the _______________ to the posterior pituitary to increase ADH secretion? | Hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract |
| Alcohol intake will _________ ADH secretion? | Decrease |
| During major blood loss ADH is released in larger amounts and causes? | Vasoconstriction |
| Thirst and dizziness result and are called a? | Hangover |
| What kind of hormone is oxytocin? | Peptide |
| Oxytocin stimulates? | Uterine contractions |
| The effect of oxytocin on the uterus is to cause? | Contractions |
| Toward the end of pregnancy, oxytocin is released from the? | Placenta |
| Infant suckling stimulates the? | Hypothalamus |
| Infant suckling triggers oxytocin release from the pituitary which triggers? | Milk release or let down |
| The anterior pituitary is also called? | Adenohypophysis |
| Anterior pituitary is made of? | Glandular tissue |
| Anterior pituitary is regulated by? | Releasing hormones |
| In the anterior pituitary, releasing hormones are secreted through the? | Hypophyseal portal system |
| Anterior pituitary is regulated by releasing hormones from the? | Hypothalamus |
| GH is also known as? | Growth hormone or somatotropin |
| What hormone promotes growth? | GH |
| GH stimulates cells to produce? | IGFs (Insulin-like Growth Factor) |
| What are intermediary molecules that bring about the functions of GH? | IGFs |
| What hormone increases the transport of amino acids into cells? | GH |
| GH increases the rate of? | Protein synthesis |
| GH insures that AA's are used for? | Protein synthesis |
| What hormone stimulates mitosis? | GH |
| GH stimulates mitosis for? | Growth and repair |
| GH aids in converting lipids to? | Carbohydrates |
| Lipids are? | Fats |
| Carbohydrates are? | Sugars |
| What hormone is active in all ages? | GH |
| GH is regulated by 2 releasing hormones from the hypothalamus called? | GHRH (Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone) and somatostatin |
| GHRH _________ secretion of GH? | Increases |
| GHRH is produced during? | Hypoglycemia and exercise |
| Somatostatin is also known as? | GHIH (Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone) |
| What hormone decreases secretion of GH? | Somatostatin |
| High levels of AAs in the blood also stimulate secretion of? | GH |
| TSH is also known as? | Thyroid stimulating hormone or Thyroidtropin |
| TSH stimulates release of? | Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) |
| TSH stimulates release of T4 and T3 from the? | Thyroid gland |
| TSH secretion is stimulated by? | Thyroidtropin releasing hormone (TRH) |
| TSH secretion is stimulated by TRH from the? | Hypothalamus |
| What hormone is produced when metabolic rate slows? | TRH |
| ACTH stands for? | Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| ACTH stimulates release of hormones from the? | Adrenal cortex |
| Secretion of ACTH is increased by? | Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) |
| ACTH secretion is increased by CRH from the? | Hypothalamus |
| What hormone is produced during physical stress? | CRH |
| Prolactin initiates and maintains milk? | Production |
| What hormone initiates and maintains milk production? | Prolactin |
| What hormone increases secretion of Prolactin? | Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH) |
| What hormone decreases secretion of Prolactin? | Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH) |
| FSH stands for? | Follicle stimulating hormone |
| In women, FSH stimulates the growth of? | Ovarian follicles |
| Im men, FSH stimulates the growth of? | Sperm production |
| What hormone increases secretion of FSH? | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
| What gland is located anterior and bilateral to the trachea? | Thyroid gland |
| The thyroid gland is located anterior and bilateral to the? | Trachea |
| The 2 lobes of the thyroid are connected via the? | Isthmus |
| Structural units of the thyroid are called? | Thyroid follicles |
| Thyroid follicles produces? | T3 and T4 |
| T3 contains 3 ________ molecules? | Iodine |
| T4 contains 4 ________ molecules? | Iodine |
| What is an enlarged thyroid called? | Goiter |
| What 2 hormones increases energy production (from food) and protein synthesis? | T3 and T4 |
| Release of T3 and T4 is stimulated by? | TSH |
| Release of T3 and T4 is stimulated by TSH from the? | Anterior pituitary |
| Calcitonin decreases? | Blood calcium |
| Calcitonin increases? | Bone mineralization |
| Calcitonin maintains normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate by? | Decreasing reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from the bones to the blood |
| By decreasing reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from the bones to the blood, blood levels are? | Lowered |
| Calcitonin is stimulated by? | Hypercalcemia |
| What are the 2 glands on the posterior of each lobe of the thyroid gland? | Parathyroid glands |
| PTH stands for? | Parathyroid hormone |
| PTH is antagonist to calcitonin, thus it _________ blood calcium and phosphate? | Increases |
| What hormone targets the bones, small intestines, and kidneys? | PTH |
| PTH ________ mineralization and absorption of food? | Decreases |
| PTH is stimulated by? | Hypocalcemia |
| The pancreas is located mainly in the? | LUQ |
| The pancreas is both? | Endocrine and exocrine |
| The functional unit of the pancreas are? | Pancreatic/Islets of Langerhans |
| Pancreatic/Islets of Langerhans are made up of 2 types of cells called? | Alpha cells and Beta cells |
| Alpha cells produce? | Glucagon |
| Beta cells produce? | Insulin |
| What stimulates the liver to begin glycogenolysis and use lipids and AAs for energy by glucogenesis? | Glucagon |
| Glucagon stimulates the liver to begin _________ and use lipids and AAs for energy by ____________? | Glycogenolysis, glucogenesis |
| Glucogenesis is? | Sugar production |
| Glucagon is stimulated by? | Hypoglycemia |
| Hypoglycemia is? | Low blood sugar |
| What does insulin do to the blood sugar? | Decreases blood sugar |
| What decreases blood sugar by increasing permeability of cells to glucose and stimulating glycogenesis? | Insulin |
| Insulin decreases blood sugar by increasing permeability of cells to glucose and stimulating _________ in the liver and muscles? | Glycogenesis |
| Insulin is stimulated by? | Hyperglycemia |
| What 3 organs do not need insulin to absorb glucose? | Brain, liver, and kidneys |
| Adrenal glands are also called? | Suprarenal glands |
| Adrenal glands are located? | On the top of each kidney |
| The adrenal glands are located into 2 parts? | Cortex and medulla |
| The adrenal medulla is ____________, mimic (& prolong) the effects of the sympathetic NS? | Sympathomimetic |
| Sympathomimetic is stimulated by the? | SNS |
| Adrenal medulla secretes? | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
| Epinephrine is known as? | Adrenalin |
| Norepinephrine is? | Norepinephrine |
| What is a subclass of amines called? | Catecholamines |
| Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine during _________ situations? | Stressful |
| Norepinephrine is released in _______ amounts? | Small |
| What causes vasoconstriction in the skin, viscera, and skeletal muscle? | Norepinephrine |
| Epinephrine is secreted in ______ amounts? | Large |
| What increases heart rate and force of contraction? | Epinephrine |
| Epinephrine causes vaso________ in skin and viscera? | Constriction |
| Epinephrine causes vaso________ in skeletal muscles? | Dilation |
| Epinephrine will ______ bronchioles? | Dilate |
| Epinephrine wil ________ peristalsis? | Decrease |
| Epinephrine ________ glycogenolysis? | Stimulates |
| Epinephrine ________ glucogenesis from lipids? | Stimulates |
| Epinephrine ________ cell respiration | Inreases |
| Epinephrine is stronger than the? | SNS |
| The adrenal cortex secretes 3 types of steroid hormones called? | Mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones |
| The sex hormones secreted from the adrenal cortex include? | Estrogen (female) and androgens (male) |
| Sex hormones are produced in _____ amounts? | Small |
| Aldosterone is a? | Mineralocorticoid |
| What is the most abundant mineralocorticoid? | Aldosterone |
| Aldosterone primarily targets the? | Kidneys |
| Aldosterone primarily targets the kidneys to increase reabsorption of? | Na+ |
| H+ are exchanged for Na+ and raises? | Blood pH |
| Negative ions (Cl- and HCO3-) follow Na+ and cause water to follow by setting up a concentration gradient to ________ blood volume and BP? | Increases |
| In the renin-angiotensin mechanism, the kidneys secrete _________ when BP decreases? | Renin |
| Renin causes the plasma protein ___________ to be made? | Angiotensin II |
| Angiotensin II causes? | Vasoconstriction |
| Angiotensin II causes vasoconstriction and the adrenal cortex to release? | Aldosterone |
| Renin-angiotensin mechanism _________ BP? | Increases |
| Cortisol is released from the? | Adrenal cortex |
| Cortisol is a? | Glucocorticoid |
| Glucose-sparing increases _________ from lipids and excess AAs | Glucogenesis |
| Cortisol ensures that available glucose gets used by the? | Brain |
| Can brain cells convert other molecules into glucose like other tissue types? | NO |
| Cortisol is an anti-________? | Anti-inflammatory |
| An anti-inflammatory blocks? | Histamine |
| What increases capillary permeability and allows lysozymes to spread? | Histamine |
| Corticosteroids are modeled after? | Cortisol |
| Cortisol is released during? | Times of physical or psychological stress |
| ACTH is released from the? | Anterior pituitary |
| CRH increases ACTH which increases? | Cortisol |
| CRH is released from the? | Hypothalamus |
| Is estrogen a steroid? | Yes |
| What is secreted from the follicle cells and the placenta during pregnancy? | Estrogen |
| Estrogen is increased by? | FSH |
| Estrogen promotes maturation of the? | Ovum and the endometrium |
| Estrogen promotes secondary characteristics in? | Women |
| Secondary sex characters in women include? | Growth of the duct system in the mammary gland, growth of the uterus, and deposition of fat tissue in hips and thighs. |
| Estrogen lowers? | Blood cholesterol and triglycerides |
| In men, _________ is converted to estrogen? | Testosterone |
| In men, testosterone is converted to? | Estrogen |
| Is progesterone a steroid? | Yes |
| Progesterone is secreted from the? | Corpus luteum and the placenta during pregnancy |
| What is secreted from the corpus luteum and the placenta during pregnancy? | Progesterone |
| The functions of progesterone incude? | Promotes glycogenesis, maturation of the endometrium and development of the secretory cells of the mammary glands. |
| Is inhibin a protein? | Yes |
| What decreases FSH and GnRH? | Inhibin |
| Estrogen is produced in the? | Ovaries |
| Testosteron is produced in the? | Testes |
| Is testosteron a hormone? | Yes |
| Testosterone is secreted by? | Interstitial cells |
| Testosterone is stimulated by? | LH |
| The functions of testosterone include? | Promotes sperm maturation, secondary sex characteristics in men, facial and body hair, enlargement of the larynx, and hypertrophy of skeletal muscle |
| Inhibin is secreted by? | Sustentacular/Sertoli cells |
| Inhibin is stimulated by? | Testosterone |
| Inhibin decreases? | FSH |
| What is produced in the pineal gland? | Melatonin |
| The pineal gland is located? | Posterior to the 3rd ventricle |
| Melatonin is increased during? | Darkness |
| The function of melatonin is to? | Stimulate sleep and increase duration |
| Prostiglandins (PG) are made in virtually all cells from? | Phospholipids of their cell membrane |
| Prostiglandins are local meaning? | They do no circulate in the blood |
| There are 9 types (PGA-PG1) and subtypes (1,2 etc.) of? | Prostiglandins |
| The functions of prostiglandins include? | Increase or decrease inflammation, vasodilation or vasoconstriction, uterus contraction, increasing pain, clotting, reproduction, & digestive gland secretion increase |
| Hormones bond to receptors on? | Target cells |
| Only target cells have the? | Receptors |
| Receptors are in the? | Membrane, cytoplasm, or nucleus |
| The two messenger mechanism is only with? | Protein hormones |
| During the first messenger, protein hormones bond to? | Suface receptors on the membrane |
| The enzyme adenyl cyclase is activated in the _______ surface? | Inner |
| Adenyl cyclase activates _______ -the second messenger? | cAMP (cyclic Adenosine Mono Phosphate) |
| What causes a response specific to the cell based on enzymes within the cell? | cAMP |
| T or F? cAMP causes changes in membrane permeability to specific substances? | True |
| T or F? cAMP causes an increase in translation? | True |
| T or F? cAMP causes an activation of other enzymes? | True |
| T or F? cAMp causes secretion of cellular products? | True |
| Steroids are lipid soluble therefore they? | Diffuse through the cell membrane |
| Steroid hormones combine with receptors in the? | Cytoplasm |
| The steroid-protein complex enters the? | Nuclues |
| Steroid hormones activates specific? | Genes |
| Steroid hormones activates specific genes to initiate________ and then? | Transcription, translation |
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