A&PII Lecture
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| As blood volume goes up, so does _______________. | arteriole pressure
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| Where is ADH produced? | posterior pituitary
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| What does vasoconstriction do? | Narrows blood vessels.
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| DTC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation) | widespread clotting occurs in intact bld. vssls & residual bld becomes unable to clot. Blockage of bld flow followed by severe bleeding. Commonly seen as pregnancy complication, as result of septicimia, or incompatible bld transfusion.
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| HDN (Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn) | Occurs when a mom who needed RhoGAM treatment didn't get it & later became pregnant with an Rh+ baby. Moms antibodies cross thru placenta & destroy babies RBC. Baby can become anemic, hypoxic, brain damage, or death unless transfusions are done b4 birth.
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| RhoGAM injection | Injection of anti-Rh antibodies given soon after every delivery, miscarriage, & abortion. Binds & inactivates fetal Rh antigens so moms immune system doesnt respond.
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| Another name for Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn is____________ _______ | Erythroblastocis Fetalis
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| Hemochromatosis | Inherited disorder of iron overload b/c intestines absorb too much iron from diet. Iron builds up in tissues where it oxidizes to form compounds that poison those organs (espc. joints, liver, & pancreas).
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| Thrombocytopenia | # of circulating platelets is deficient. Causes spontaneous bleeding from sml bld vssls all over body. Even normal mvmnts lead to widespread hemorrhage.See sml purplish spots on skin called Petechiae.
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| Causes of Thrombocytopenia | Can arise from any condition that supresses or destroys red bone marrow. Platelet count of under 50,000 /ul of bld is usually diagnostic. Transfusions of concentrated platelets give temp relief from bleeding.
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| Varicose Veins | Veins that have become tortuous & dialated b/c of incompetent (leaky) valves. Usually in lower limbs
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| Contributing factors for Varicose Veins | Heredity, conditions that hinder venous return such as prolonged standing in 1 position, obesity, pregnancy, elevated venous pressure (straining to deliver baby or bowl movement)
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| What are varicosities that result from raised intra-abdominal pressure that prevented bld from draining from the veins of the anal canal called? | Hemorrhoids
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| Aneurysm | Balloon like out-pocketing of an artery wall; puts artery at risk for rupture; often reflects gradual weakening of the artery by chronic hypertension or arteriosclerosis. Common sites are abdominal aorta & arteries feeding brain & kidneys.
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| Thrombophlebitis | Condition of undesirable intravascular clotting initiated by a roughening of a venous lining. Often follows severe episode of phlebitis. Dangerous b/c clot may detach & form an embolus.
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| Hypertension | High BP; may be transient or persistant. Transient occurs as normal adaptations during fever, physical exertion, & emotional upset. Persistent is common in obese ppl for a variety of reasons that arent completely understood.
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| Cor Pulmonale | Right sided heart failure resulting from elevated BP in the pulmonary circuit (pulmonary hypertension). Acute cases may dev suddenly due to a pulmonary embolism. Chronic ones usually assoc. w/chronic lung disorders such as emphysema.
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| Pericarditis | Inflamm. of pericardium, roughens serous mmbrns surfaces.Deep pain to sternum. Beating <3 rubs agnst peric sac & makes a creaking sound what u can hear w/stethoscope. May lead to adhesions (visceral & parietal pericardia stick 2gether & impede <3 activity
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| Myocardial Infarction | <3 attack; Can be caused by prolonged coronary blockage. B/C adult cardiac mscl is basically amiotic, most areas of cell death r repaired w/noncontractile scar tissue. Survival depends on extent & location of dmage. LV(systemic pump) dmage is most serious
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| -cyte | mature cell
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| How many hemoglobins are in 1 RBC? | 250 million
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| RBC - 5 million/___ | cc (cubic centimeters)
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| What gives a RBC it's identity? | glycoprotein antigens, A & B
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| Systole | Ventricles contract (120-140); happens during depolarization; atria during P; ventricles during QRS
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| Diastole | Ventricles relax (70-90);happens during repolarization; Atria QRS; Ventricles relax during T
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| Korotkoff Sounds | Heard when taking bld. pressure. As cuff pressure is reduced they become louder.
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| What is Hematopoiesis? | Blood cell formation; occurs in the red bone marrow
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| Name the 3 WBC's that are granulocytes & what do they all have in common? | Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils; all are phagocytic
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| Name the 2 WBC's that are agranulocytes: | Monocytes & Lymphocytes
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| Define Arteries | Vessel with relatively thick walls with blood under highest pressure - carry blood away from the heart.
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| 3 Tissue layers of arteries & arteroles: | (lumen-inner)Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa
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| Tunica Intima | inner layer;endothelial (simp squamous) continuous cells line the entire cardiovasc. system;basement membrane in lrgr vessels;elastic fibers in CT-eternal elastic lamina
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| Where are the fenestrations (pores) of the fenestrated capillary not covered? | Kidneys
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| Tunica Media | middle layer;elastin fibers & smooth muscle determine the diameter of lumen;smooth muscle w/sheets of elastin;bulkiest layer;vasodialation & vasoconstriction.
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| Tunica Externa | outer layer;elastin in lrgr arteries;collagen is loosely woven which protects & reinforces the vesserl & anchors it to surrounding structures.
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| What is the blood supply for arteries & arterioles? | Vasa Vasorum: Blood vessels providing blood flow to the cells in walls of lrg vessels.
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| What does RAA stand for? | Renin (enzyme), Angiotensin (hormone), Aldosterone (hormone)
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| What is the most common protein? | Albumin, ex: egg white
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| Elastic Arteries | Help to propel bld even when V's are relaxed; very close to <3; accomodate surge of bld & funct as pressure reservoir; elas fibers recoil pushing bld forward; potential->kinetic; more pressure=more elastin than any vessel;looks like swiss cheese
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| What does ANP stand for? | Atrial Narieuretic Peptide
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| The more protons you have the more Ph ___________. | Decreases
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| The sinusodal capillary has an incomplete basement membrane & a _____ _______ | wide lumen
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| List the elements of the intrinsic conduction system in order, starting from the SA node: | SA node(sinoatrial)->AV node(atrioventricular)->atrioventricular bundle->left & right bundle branches->purkinje fibers
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| At what structure in the transmission sequence is the impulse temorarily delayed & why? | AV Node; to allow the atria their contraction before initiation of ventricular systole (pause for approx 0.1 sec)
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| Define Tachycardia: | A heart rate over 100 beats per min
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| Define Brachycardia: | A heart rate below 60 beats per min
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| Define Fibrillation: | Rapid uncoordinated heart contractions; makes heart useless as a pump;
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| Define Cardiac Cycle: | Equivalent to 1 heartbeat; when both atria & ventricles contract & then relax.
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| What effect does increased diameter of the arterioles have on BP? | Decreases BP
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| What effect does increased blood viscosity have on BP? | Increases BP
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| What effect does increased cardiac output have on BP? | Increases BP
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| What effect does a hemorrhage have on BP? | Decreases BP
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| What effect does arteriosclerosis have on BP? | Increases BP
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| What effect does increased pulse rate have on BP? | Increases BP
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| What is the longest vein in the body & is not superficial? | RL Great Saphenous
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| Which arteries send blood directly to the lungs, bronchi, & pleurae? | RL Bronchial arteries; R-1, L-2
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| What organs does the celiac trunk serve? | Liver, spleen, stomach, gallbladder, esophagus
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| Strawberry Demonstration | Putting sugar on strawberries creates a hypertonic environment causing juice to come out. This is osmosis, more solute-greater osmotic pressure; hypo-hyper;po-per
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| What do elastic arteries do | help propel bld even when V are relaxed
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| Which arteries are distributors? | Muscular; distribute blood to various parts of the body.
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| What are arterioles? | Small artery that delivers blood to capillaries
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| Capillary Bed | Exchange vessles;bld flows most slowly b/c their total cross sectional area is the largest.
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| Proprioceptors of nervous system | monitor joint movement
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| barorecptors of nervous system | pressure sensative receptors; found in aorta & carotid arteries.
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| chemoreceptors of nervous system | monitor chemical composition; found in aorta & carotid arteries
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| 120-140 | Systole; V contract
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| 70-90 | Diastole; V relax
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| Are all the valves ever open at 1 time? | No
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| Isometric Volume: | When both valves are shut; occurs during contraction & relaxtion
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| Cardiac Output | How much blood is pumped from LV into Aorta or RV into pulmonary trunk each minute
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| Cardiac Reserve | Used during exercise;difference b/w pumped & what could pump-resting cardiac output & maximum cardiac output;300-400% avg ppl, 600-700% athletes
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| Pulmonary Edema | Fluid building up in lungs;LV fails, RV pumps more, & increased pressure in lungs.
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| Systemic Edema | RV fails, LV pumps more, & increased pressure in systemic
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| QRS wave | Atria relaxing
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| P wave | SA node is firing
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| Lubb | AV valves close; after V contraction
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| Dubb | SL valves close; after V relaxation
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| Foramen Ovale | one way flap b/w R & L atria; becomes fossa ovalis once it closes after birth
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| Ductus Arteriosus | Shunt b/w p. artery & aorta-bypass lungs; becomes ligamentum arteriosum
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| Another name for the AV valves: | Tricupsid & Bicuspid (mitral)
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| Cardiac Muscles cells in myocardium | Functional synctium, lrg. mitochondria (energy center),vary in diameter & branch extensively,Intercl. discs, gap junctions, & desmosomes (in keratin fibers, gives strength, holds it together
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| Functional Synctium | cardiac cells behave as a single coordinated unit b/c they're electrically coupled by gap junctions.
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| Venules | formed by merging of capillaries
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| Postcapillary Venules | are extremely porous
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| Larger venules have 1 or 2 layers of _______ _______ _______ | smooth muscle cells
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| Lumen of vein | larger than artery, thinner than walls
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| 3 layers of veins | tunica interna, tunica media, & tunica externa
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| Describe the valves of the tunica interna of veins | Catch blood; can only go up; most abundant in limbs not in ventral body
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| Tunica Media of Veins | Almost gone-few smooth muscle and elastin fibers
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| Tunica externa of vein | Thickest layer;longitudinal bundles of collagen fibers & elastic network; lrgst veins have longit. band of smooth muscle
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| 2 mechanisms veins use to pump blood to the heart; | Skeletal & Respiratory
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| Skeletal mechanism veins use to pump blood to the heart: | As they contract & relax blood is milked toward the heart & it cant go backwards
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| Respiratory mechanism veins use to pump blood to the heart: | Movement of diaphragm-pressure changes in ventral body cavity(1inhale abdom press increases squeezing veins forcing bld to heart.2 chest press decr- expands thoracic vein-speed bld to RA
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| vasodilation | relaxation, increases bld flow to capillaries
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| vasoconstriction | contraction, reduces bld flow to capillaries
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| Branch directly off aortic arch | L carotid & L subclavian
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| Branch from brachiocephalic artery only on the right side | R carotid & R subclavian
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| RL Bronchial Arteries | R-1 L-2; sends blood to lungs, bronchi, & pleurae
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| celiac trunk | supplies liver, gallbladder, spleen, stomach, esophagus (abdominal aorta)
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| hepatic artery | celiac branch to liver (abdominal aorta)
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| messenterics | supply sml intestins & colon (abdominal aorta)
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| internal iliac | primary arteries of pelvis
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| RL brachiocephalic veins | drain directly into superior vena cava
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| jugular veins | drain into rl brachiocephalic vein (superior vena cava)
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| rl subclavian vein | drain into brachiocephalic (superior vena cava)
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| Azygous System | drains most of thoracic region into superior vena cava
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| Inferior Vena Cava | widest vessel in body; drains blood below diaphragm
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| hepatic vein | flows directly into the inferior vena cava
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| rl renal veins | drain into kidneys (inferior vena cava)
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| rl iliac veins | drain into lower limbs & pelvis (inferior vena cava)
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| rl great saphenous | longest vein in body (inferior vena cava)
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| rl small saphenous | superficial vein in leg that is frequently used for prolonged administration of IV fluids (inferior vena cava)
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