Inheritance
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| What is inheritance? | The passage of hereditary traits from one generation to the next.
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| Why does each nucleus of all human cells except gametes contain 23 homologous pairs of chromosomes? | One chromosome of each pair comes from the father, the other comes from the mother. Each pair contains the same genes, just different forms.
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| What are the alternative forms of a gene that code for the same trait called? | Allele
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| What do you call a permanent heritable change in an allele that produces a different variant. | Mutation
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| Genetic makeup (combination of alleles for a gene). | Genotype
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| Expression of ones genetic makeup (appearance). | Phenotype
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| The same alleles for a gene. Two types. | Homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive.
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| Two different alleles for a gene. | Heterozygous.
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| PKU | PKU or Phenylkeonuria:an inherited disease where the recessive allele fails to produce the functional enzyme phenylalanine hydrozylase. The dominant allele produces the functional enzyme.
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| Tool used to show possible combinations of alleles in offspring of parents whose genotype for a gene is known. | Punnet square.
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| What percentage of gametes produced by a heterozygous parent would contain the recessive allele? | 50%
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| What percentage of zygotes formed from 2 heterozygous parents would produce homozygous genotypes? | 50%
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| What percentage of zygotes formed from 2 heterozygous parents would express the recessive allele? | 25%
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| Example of disease caused by a dominant allele. What genotypes would get the disease? | Huntington disease. Both homozygous dominant and heterozygous individuals would get the disease.
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| Abnormal number of chromosomes called what (4 total terms). Cause? | Nondisjunction caused by an error in cell division causes Aneuploid cells. Monosomic cells are missing 1 chromosome (2n-1). Trisomic cell has 1 additional chromosome (2n+1).
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| Example of additional chromosomes. | Down syndrome. Trisomy 21. Presence of all or part of an extra 21st chromosome.
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| Inheritance where dominant allele masks the effect of recessive allele. | Simple dominance-recessive.
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| Inheritance where neither allele is dominant over the other. What does the heterozygote have for a phenotype? Example? | Incomplete dominance. Heterozygote has intermediate phenotype. Ex: alleles that produce normal hemoglobin (Hb^A) and hemoglobin that causes sickle-cell disease (Hb^s). Hb^AHb^S phenotype is minor problems, and obviously a carrier.
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| Term for genes that have more than 2 alleles. Example. | Multiple-allele inheritance. ABO blood group has 3 alleles, with 4 phenotypes since A and B are co-dominant.
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| Inheritance where one gene does not control inherited trait. Common? | Polygenic inheritance applies to most inherited traits.
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| Term for the combined effects of many genes and environmental factors. Examples of such traits. | Complex inheritance. Skin color (sun exposure, nutrition, 3 genes), hair color, height (nutrition), metabolism rate, body build (nutrition), neural tube deficits (inadequate folic acid in mother).
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| Chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes. How many in a somatic cell? | Autosomes. 22 pairs.
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| The number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus of a eukaryote cell. Also means the complete set of chromosomes in a species, or an individual organism. | Karyotype
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| What type of sex chromosome does a sperm carry? Ova? | Each sprem has either an X or Y. Each ova has an X chromosome.
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| What determines an individual's sex? | Whether the male gamete (sperm) that forms the zygote carries an X or a Y chromosome.
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| What determines a female pattern of development? Male pattern of development? When does this pattern begin? | Female- absence of Y. Male- initiated by Y. Embryos identical until about 7 weeks.
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| Where do sex-linked inheritance genes reside? | On the X chromosome.
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| Why are there more colorblind males than females? | The allele is found on the X chromosome and males only have one X chromosome, thus one allele. It is either for color blindness or not. Females have the option of being carriers, with both the recessive and dominant allele.
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