Tissue the Living Fabric - Connective Tissue
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| primary tissue; functions include support, storage, and protection; found everywhere in body; most abundant and widely distributed tissue, but amount in particular organs varies | connective tissue
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| connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone tissue, and blood | four main classes of connective tissue
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| binding/support, protection, insulation, as blood transportation of substance within body | major function of connective tissue
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| all connective tissues arise from __, hence have a common origin | mesenchyme
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| mesenchyme is an __ tissue | embryonic
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| different types of connective tissue have varying degrees of __ | vascularity
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| connective tissue that is avascular | cartilage
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| connective tissue that is poorly vascularized | dense connective tissue
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| nonliving material in connective tissue consisting of ground substance and fibers that separates living cells - forms lrg parts of CT | extracellular matrix
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| connective tissues are composed largely of __ extracellular matrix | nonliving
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| ground substance, fibers, and cells are three main __ of connective tissues | elements
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| make up the extracellular matrix | ground substance and fibers
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| unstructured material that fills space btwn cells and contains fibers in connective tissues; composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans | ground substance
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| fibronectin and laminin; serve mainly as connective tissue glue that allows connective tissue cells to attach themselves to matrix elements | cell adhesion proteins
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| consist of protein core to which glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are attached | proteoglycans
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| strand-like; chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid, largely - charged polysaccharides that stick out from core protein like fibers of bottle brush | glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
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| proteoglycans form huge aggregates in which __ intertwine and tap water, forming substance that varies from fluid to viscous gel | GAGs
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| higher the GAG content, the more __ the ground substance | viscous
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| ground substance holds lrg amounts of fluid, and functions as molecular sieve through which nutrients and other dissolved substance can diffuse btwn blood __ and the cells | capillaries
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| are embedded in ground substance making it less pliable and hinder diffusion somewhat; provide support | fibers
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| collagen, elastic, and reticular are the __ __ found in connective tissues | three fibers
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| constructed primarily of the fibrous protein collagen; collagen molecules secreted into extracellular space, assembling spontaneously into cross-linked fibrils, in turn bundled into thick | collagen fibers
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| because of cross-linking of fibrils, collagen fibers are extremely tough and provide ability to resist longitudinal stress to matrix, or | high tensile strength
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| collagen fibers are also called __ __, because when they are fresh they have glistening white appearance | white fibers
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| long, thin fibers that form branching networks in extracellular matrix; contain elastin | elastic fibers
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| rubber-like protein that allows fibers to stretch and recoil like rubber bands | elastin
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| short, fine, collagenous fibers w/slightly different chemistry and form; continuous w/collagen fibers and branch extensively forming delicate networks surrounding small blood vessel and support soft tissues of organs | reticular fibers
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| network | reticul
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| reticular fibers are abundant where connective tissue abuts other __ __ | tissue types
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| undifferentiated cells, of connective tissue, are indicated by the suffix | -blast
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| young, actively mitotic cell that forms the fibers of connective tissue; flat, branching cells that appear spindle shaped in profile; connective tissue proper | fibroblast
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| actively mitotic cell of cartilage | chondroblast
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| bone-forming cells | osteoblast
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| undifferentiated blast cell that produces blood cells | hematopoietic stem cell
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| once they synthesize the matrix, the blast cells assume their less active, mature mode, indicate by the suffix | -cyte
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| connective tissue proper cells | fibroblasts and fibrocytes
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| chondroblasts found in growing cartilage and chondrocytes | cartilage cells
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| bone cells | osteoblasts and osteocytes
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| WBC (neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes), and other cell types concerned w/tissue response to injury, such as mast cells and macrophages, travel into connective tissue matrix from bloodstream are considered | mobile cells
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| immune cells that function to detect foreign substances in tissue spaces and initiate local inflammatory responses against them; typically found clustered deep to an epithelium or along blood vessels | mast cells
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| stuffed full of granules | mast
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| in mast cells a visible __ __ containing several chemicals that mediate inflammation | secretory granules
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| heparin, histamine, and proteases are the visible secretory granules in __ cells | mast
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| anticoagulation chemical that prevents blood clotting when free in bloodstream | heparin
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| in human mast cells, heparin appears to __ to and __ action of other mast cell chemicals | bind; regulate
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| substance that makes capillaries leaky | histamine
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| protein-degrading enzymes; any of numerous enzymes that hydrolyze proteins and are classified according to most prominent functional group (as serine or cysteine) at active site | proteases
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| large | macro
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| eat | phago
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| large, irregularly shaped cells that avidly phagocytize broad variety of foreign material, ranging from foreign material to entire bacteria to dust particles | macrophages
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| macrophages dispose of dead tissue cells, and are central actors in the __ __ | immune system
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| in connective tissues, macrophages may be attached to connective tissue fibers, __, or may __ freely throughout the matrix | fixed; migrate
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| macrophages in the liver are called | Kupffer cells
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| macrophages of spleen primarily dispose of aging __ | RBCs
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| mesenchyme has fluid ground substance containing fine sparse fibers and star-shaped __ cells | mesenchymal
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| fluid ground substance of mesenchyme arises during early weeks of embryonic development and eventually __ into all other connective tissue cells | differentiates
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| act/process of specialization, as occurs in progressive diversification of cells and tissues of embryo | differentiation
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| some mesenchymal remain and provide source of new cells in __ connective tissues | mature
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| except for bone, cartilage and blood all mature connective tissues belong to this class | connective tissue proper
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| support/bind other tissues, hold body fluids, defend against infection, store nutrients as fat are functions of | areolar connective tissue
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| structural feature of areolar connective tissue is the __ __ of its fibers | loose arrangement
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| a small open space, in Latin | areola
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| the matrix of areolar connective tissue, occupied by ground substance, appears to be __ __, other than loose fibers, when viewed through a microscope | empty space
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| because of loose nature, areolar connective tissue provides reservoir of __ and __ for surrounding body tissues | water; salt
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| areolar connective tissue always holds approximately as much fluid as there is in the entire __ | bloodstream
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| all body cells obtain their nutrients from and release their wastes into the __ __ of areolar connective tissue | tissue fluid
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| because areolar connective tissue's ground substance has a high concentration of hyaluronic acid it is quite __, which may hinder movement of cells through it | viscous
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| some WBCs secrete enzyme __ to liquefy the ground substance of areolar connective tissue to ease their passage | hyaluronidase
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| areolar connective tissue serves as a kind of __ __ between other tissues | packing material
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| highly vascular layer of connective tissue under the basement membrane lining a layer of epithelium | lamina propria
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| areolar connective tissue is present in all __ membranes | mucous
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| similar to areolar connective tissue in structure and function, buts its nutrient-storing ability is much greater | adipose tissue
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| an adipose, or fat, cell; predominate and account for 90% of this tissue's mass | adipocyte
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| adipose tissue __ is scanty and cells are packed tightly together | matrix
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| almost pure triglyceride, occupies most of a fat cell's volume and displaces nucleus to one side so that only a thin rim of surrounding cytoplasm is seen | oil droplet
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| are among the largest cells in the body | mature adipocytes
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| adipose tissue is highly vascularized, indicating its __ __ activity | high metabolic
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| store nutrients mainly for other cells | white adipose tissue
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| contain abundant mitochondria, which use lipid fuels to heat bloodstream to warm body; richly vascular and occurs only in babies who lack ability to produce body heat by shivering | brown adipose tissue
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| brown adipose tissue deposits are located between __ __ or on anterior __ wall | shoulder blades; abdominal
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| fibroblasts are called | reticular cells
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| reticular __ are located throughout the body | fibers
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| reticular __ are limited to certain sites | tissues
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| basic internal structural framework of an organ | stroma
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| forms stroma that can support many free blood cells in lymph nodes, spleen, and bone marrow | reticular connective tissue
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| three varieties of dense connective tissue have __ as their prominent element | fibers
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| often referred to as fibrous connective tissue | dense connective tissue
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| contains closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in same direction, parallel to direction of pull | dense regular connective tissue
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| arrangement of dense regular connective tissue results in white, flexible structures w/great __ to tension where tension is exerted in single direction | resistance
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| in dense regular connective tissue, crowded between collagen fibers are rows of __, that continually manufacture fibers and scant ground substance | fibroblasts
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| because collagen fibers are slightly wavy, this allows tissue to __ a little | stretch
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| in dense regular connective tissue, once collagen fibers are straightened out by pulling force, there is __ __ give to this tissue | no further
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| dense regular connective tissue has __ cells, other than fibroblasts, and is poorly __ | few; vascularized
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| dense regular connective tissue has enormous __ strength | tensile
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| formed from dense regular connective tissue; cords that attach muscles to bone | tendons
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| formed from dense regular connective tissue; flat, sheetlike tendons that attach muscle to other muscles/bones | aponeuroses
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| formed from dense regular connective tissue; fibrous membrane that wraps around muscles, groups of muscles, blood vessels, and nerves, binding those structures together | fascia
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| formed from dense regular connective tissue; binds bones together at joints; contain more elastic fibers and slightly more stretchable than tendons | ligaments
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| has same structural elements as regular variety except bundles of collagen fibers are much thicker and their arrangement gives them their name | dense irregular connective tissue
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| in dense irregular connective tissue, collagen fibers run in more than one __ | plane
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| dense irregular connective tissue forms sheets in body areas where tension is exerted from __ __ directions | many different
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| dense irregular connective tissue is found in skin as __ __ | leathery dermis
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| dense irregular connective tissue forms fibrous __ __ | joint capsules
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| dense irregular connective tissue forms __ __ that surround some organs (kidneys, bones, cartilages, muscles, and nerves) | fibrous coverings
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| medium ligament of back of neck; composed of yellow elastic tissue; assists in supporting of head | ligamenta nuchae
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| any within series of ligaments that connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae, from axis-sacrum; consists of yellow elastic tissue | ligamenta flava
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| dense regular connective tissue that is very elastic, as in ligamenta nuchae/flava | elastic connective tissue
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| white, semi-opaque connective tissue; stands up to tension and compression; tough but flexible, provides resilient rigidity to structures it supports | cartilage
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| qualities of cartilage are __ between dense connective tissue and bone | intermediate
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| cartilage lacks __ fibers and is __ | nerve; avascular
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| cartilage receives its nutrients by __ from blood vessels located in connective tissue membrane surrounding it | diffusion
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| membrane of fibrous connective tissue that envelopes cartilage, except at joints | perichondrium
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| contains large amounts of GAGs chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid; firmly bound collagen fibers (sometimes elastic also), and it quite firm | cartilage ground substance
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| resists compression because of large amounts of water held in it; functions to cushion and support body structures | general features of cartilage matrix
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| predominant cell types in growing cartilage; produce new matrix until skeleton stops growing at end of adolescence | chondroblasts
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| firmness of cartilage matrix prevents cells from becoming widely __ | separated
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| typically found in small groups within lacunae; mature cartilage cells | chondrocytes
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| one of minute cavities in cartilage (or bone); is occupied by chondrocytes | lacunae
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| aging cartilage cells lose ability to __, so injured cells heal __ | divide; slowly
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| during later life cartilages tend to __ or __ | calcify; ossify
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| to change (as cartilage) into bone | ossify
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| to become calcareous (consisting of or contain calcium carbonate/calcium) | calcify
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| each dominated by particular fiber type; hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage are | subclasses of cartilage
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| most abundant cartilage type in the body; large numbers of collagen fibers that are not apparent | hyaline cartilage
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| another name for hyaline cartilage is | gristle
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| appears amorphous and glassy blue-white when viewed by unaided eye | hyaline cartilage matrix
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| chondrocytes account for only 1-10% of cartilage __ | volume
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| hyaline cartilage provides firm support with some __ | pliability
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| hyaline cartilage covers ends of long bones as | articular cartilage
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| articular cartilage provides springy pads that absorb __ at joints | compression
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| cartilage that supports tip of nose, connects ribs to sternum, and supports most of respiratory system passages | hyaline
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| most of __ __ formed of hyaline cartilage before bone is formed | embryonic skeleton
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| persists during childhood as epiphyseal plates | skeletal hyaline cartilage
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| actively growing regions near ends of long bones that provides for continued growth in length | epiphyseal plates
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| elastic cartilage is histologically, nearly __ to hyaline cartilage; however, there are more elastic fibers | identical
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| found where strength and exceptional stretchability are needed; forms skeletons of external ear and epiglottis | elastic cartilage
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| flap that covers opening to respiratory passageway when swallowing, prevents food/fluid from entering lungs | epiglottis
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| perfect structural intermediate between hyaline cartilage and dense regular connective tissues | fibrocartilage
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| in fibrocartilage, its rows of chondrocytes __ with rows of thick collagen fibers | alternate
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| because fibrocartilage is __ and resists __ well, it is found where strong support and ability to withstand heavy pressure are required | compressible; tension
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| resilient cushions between bony vertebrae | intervertebral discs
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| intervertebral discs and menisci of knee are examples of | fibrocartilage structures
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| either of 2 crescent-shaped lamellae of fibrocartilage; border and partly cover articulating surfaces of tibia/femur at knee | menisci
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| connective tissue that forms bony skeleton | bone/osseous tissue
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| because of rock-like hardness bone has exceptional ability to __ and __ body structures | support; protect
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| bone of skeleton provide __ for fat storage and synthesis of blood cells | cavities
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| hard tissue that resists both compression and tension; functions in support | general features of bone
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| inorganic calcium salts located in bone matrix are also called | bone salts
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| produce organic portion of bone matrix, and then bone salts deposited on and btwn fibers | osteoblasts
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| mature bone cells; reside in lacunae within matrix they have made | osteocytes
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| closely packed structural units formed of concentric rings of bony matrix that surround a central canal (Haversian canal) containing blood vessels and nerves serving bone | osteons
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| unlike cartilage, which is next firmest connective tissue, bone is well __ by invading blood vessels | supplied
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| fluid that circulates in blood vessels, carrying nourishment/O2 to/bringing away waste products from all parts of body | blood
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| blood is most __ connective tissue because it does not connect things/give support | atypical
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| connective tissue because develops from mesenchyme and consists of blood cells, surrounded by blood plasma | blood classification
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| nonliving fluid matrix of blood | blood plasma
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| vast majority of blood cells are | red blood cells (RBCs)
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| neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils are | white blood cells (WBCs)
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| soluble protein molecules that precipitate, forming fiber-like structure during clotting | blood fibers
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| blood __ as transport vehicle for cardio sys., carrying nutrients, wastes, resp. gases, and many other substances throughout body | functions
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| subclasses of loose connective tissue are | areolar, adipose, and reticular
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| subclasses of dense connective tissue are | regular, irregular, and elastic
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| cells of connective tissue proper | fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, fat cells
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| gel-like ground substance; all 3 fibers types: collagen, reticular, elastic | connective tissue proper matrix
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| subclasses of connective tissue proper | loose/dense connective tissue
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| 6 different types; vary in density/types of fibers; functions as binding tissue; resists mechanical stress, particularly tension | general features of connective tissue proper
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| subclasses of bone | compact and spongy
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| cells of bone | osteoblasts and osteocytes
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| gel-like ground substance calcified w/inorganic salts; fibers: collagen | bone matrix
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| erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), and platelets | blood cells
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| blood matrix consists of __ and there are no fibers | plasma
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| anything outside of CT cells is __ matrix | extracellular
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| fillers around ground substance & fibers is __ substance | ground
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| ground substance; fibers, all 3 types; cells: fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells (as well as mature cells) | structural elements of connective tissues
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| ground substance consists of __ fluid | interstitial
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| act as glue btwn cells and matrix in ground substance of CT | adhesion proteins
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| protein cores w/attached GAGs | proteoglycans
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| trap water forming fluid to viscous medium through which proteins diffuse btwn capillaries and cells | glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
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| widely distributed under epithelia of body, forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, packages organs, & surrounds capillaries | areolar loose connective tissue
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| located under skin in hypodermis; around kidneys & eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts | adipose loose connective tissue
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| located in lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow & spleen) | reticular loose connective tissue
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| located in tendons, most ligaments & aponeuroses | dense regular connective tissue
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| located in fibrous capsules of organs & joints; dermis of skin; submucosa of digestive tract | dense irregular connective tissue
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| located in walls of large arteries (aorta); within certain ligaments associated w/vertebral column; within wall of bronchial tubes | elastic dense connective tissue
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| forms most of embryonic skeleton; covers ends of ling bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of ribs; cartilages of nose, trache & larynx | hyaline cartilage
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| supports external ear (pinna); epiglottis | elastic cartilage
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| forms intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joints | fibrocartilage
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| forms bones | osseous tissue
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