The Reproductive System
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| What is cell division that results in gametes? | Meiosis
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| Gametes are the males? | Sperm
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| Gametes are the females? | Egg/ovum
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| Sperm and egg (each haploid) join to become a? Hint: fertilized egg with 46 chromosomes | Zygote
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| A diploid cell contains how many chromosomes? | 46
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| A diploid cell divides how many times to end up with 4 haploid cells? | Twice
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| The male reproductive system consists of? | Testes and a series of ducts and glands
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| Sperm are produced in the | Testes
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| What is the production of sperm called | Spermatogenesis
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| Sperm is produced in the testes and transported through the? | Epididymis, Ductus Deferens, Ejaculatory duct, and Urethra
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| Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands are part of the_____________glands? | Reproductive
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| Reproductive glands produce secretions that mix with sperm to become? | Semen
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| Semen is ejaculated from the? | Urethra
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| Testes are paired organs in the sac called the? | Scrotum
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| Testes develop near the? | Kidneys
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| Undescended testes are called? | Cryptorchidism
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| Testes are divided into? | Lobes
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| Sperm is produced in the? | Seminiferous tubules
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| Sperm empties into ________(tubes) that connect to the ____________? | Rete testes, epididymis
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| Sustentacular/Sertoli cells- stimulated by testosterone to produce what type of hormone? | Inhibin
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| What type of cells are between the loops of seminiferous tubules? | Interstitial
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| Testosterone is stimulated by what type of hormone to mature sperm? | Lh (Luteinizing hormone)
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| How long is the epididymis? | 20 feet
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| The epididymis is connected to the seminiferous tubules by the? | Rete testes
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| The epididymis is _________(location) of each testis? | Posterior
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| Maturation of sperm (testosterone) occurs here? | Epididymis
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| Smooth muscle move sperm into? | Ductus deferens
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| The ductus deferens is also known as the | Vas deferens
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| What is the opening in the inguinal area for the spermatic cord? | Inguinal canal
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| The inguinal canal is a common place for what? | Hernias
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| The epididymis is made of __________ muscle? | Smooth
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| What is a connective tissue sheath? | Spermatic cord
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| The spermatic cord contains blood vessels, nerves, and? | Ductus deferens
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| What is paired organs posterior to bladder? | Seminole vesicle
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| Seminole vesicle secretes? | Fructose, alkaline liquid
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| The alkaline liquid neutralizes acidity of? | Vagina
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| What are the paired ducts that receive contents of seminal vesicles and ductus deferens? | Ejaculatory ducts
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| What gland is a muscular gland inferior to the bladder? | Prostate gland
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| Bulbourethral glands are also known as? | Cowper's glands
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| What glands are pea-sized glands? | Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands
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| The bulbourethral glands are inferior to? | Prostatic urethra
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| The bulbourethral glands secrete what liquid to neutralize acid from urine in the urethra? | Alkaline
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| The penis contains the? | Urethra
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| The glans penis is the? | Head
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| The glans penis is covered with? | Foreskin
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| Foreskin is also known as? | Prepuce
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| What is the surgical removal of foreskin? | Circumcision
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| Spermatogenesis occurs in the? | Seminiferous tubules
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| What 3 cavities of cavernous tissue are there? | Corpus cavernosum (2) and Corpus sponglosum (1)
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| What temperature is optimal for spermatogenesis? | 96 degrees
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| Seminiferous tubules contain sperm cells called? | Spermatogenia
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| Spermatogonia undergo mitosis to result in how many diploid cells? | 2
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| What is FSH? | Follicle stimulating hormone
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| What gland is a muscular gland inferior to the bladder? | Prostate gland
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| Bulbourethral glands are also known as? | Cowper's glands
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| What glands are pea-sized glands? | Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands
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| The bulbourethral glands are inferior to? | Prostatic urethra
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| The bulbourethral glands secrete what liquid to neutralize acid from urine in the urethra? | Alkaline
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| The penis contains the? | Urethra
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| The glans penis is the? | Head
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| The glans penis is covered with? | Foreskin
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| Foreskin is also known as? | Prepuce
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| What is the surgical removal of foreskin? | Circumcision
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| Spermatogenesis occurs in the? | Seminiferous tubules
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| What 3 cavities of cavernous tissue are there? | Corpus cavernosum (2) and Corpus sponglosum (1)
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| What temperature is optimal for spermatogenesis? | 96 degrees
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| Seminiferous tubules contain sperm cells called? | Spermatogenia
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| Spermatogonia undergo mitosis to result in how many diploid cells? | 2
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| What is FSH? | Follicle stimulating hormone
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| What hormone stimulates sperm production | FSH
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| What hormone stimulates testosterone production in the testes? | Lh
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| What hormone inhibits FSH | Inhibin
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| Spermatogenesis begins at what age? | Puberty (10-14 years old)
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| Millions of sperm are produced each? | Day
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| Sperm contains how many chromosomes? | 23
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| What is similar to a lysosome located on the head? | Acrosome
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| What digests cell membrane of the egg? | Acrosome
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| What provides motility of sperm? | Flagellum
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| Flagellum is powered by? | ATP
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| Semen contains sperm and secretions from the? | Seminal vesicles, prostate glad, and bulbourethral glands
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| What is the pH of semen | 7.4
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| How many mL are there per ejaculation? | 2-4mL
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| How many sperm are there per mL of semen? | 100 million
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| The female reproductive system includes? | Paired ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia
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| What are paired oval-shaped organs on each side of the uterus? | Ovaries
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| What are the 3 stages/types of follicles? | Primary, graafian, atretic
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| Primary follicles are cavities that each contain an? | oocyte (immature ovum/egg)
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| What type of cells surround each oocyte? | Follicle cells
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| Follicle cells secrete? | Estrogen
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| What follicle is the mature primary follicle? | Graafian
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| Primary follicles mature as a result of what type of hormone? | FSH and estrogen
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| Graafian follicle ruptures as a result of what type of hormone? | LH
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| Corpus luteum secretes? | Progesterone, estrogen, inhibin, and relaxin
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| What are developing follicles that become useless and deteriorate after ovulation of the graafian follicle? | Atretic Follicles
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| What ligament attaches from medial end of the ovary to uterus? | Ovarian ligament
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| What ligament is a fold of peritoneum that covers the ovaries and attaches to the uterus? | Broad ligament
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| What is the process of egg cell formation? | Oogenesis
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| Oogenesis takes place in the? | Ovaries
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| What hormone initiates growth of an ovarian follicle? | FSH
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| Each follicle contains what kind of cell? | Stem
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| Estrogen is a production stimulated by what hormone? | FSH
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| Meiosis results in 3 ________ and 1 ______? | Polar bodies, ovum
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| At what age does ova production begin? | Puberty (10-14 years old)
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| Ova production begins at puberty and ends at what age? | Menopause (45-55 years old)
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| Cyclical occurs approximately every ____ days? | 28
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| What hormone causes ovulation? | Lh
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| Ovulation is? | Release of ovum
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| Fallopian tubes are also known as? | Uterine tubes or oviducts
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| What tube is 4 inches long going from the ovary to the superior uterus? | Fallopian tubes
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| What are finger-like projections superior to the ovary? | Fimbriae
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| Fimbriae move to create a current to catch the ovum and pull it into the? | Fallopian tubes
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| Smooth muscle creates? | Peristalsis
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| What type of epithelium beat to move the egg or zygote if fertilized to the uterus? | Ciliated
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| Fertilization occurs in the? | Fallopian tubes
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| Zygote secretes? | Mucus
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| What is implantation outside the uterus called? | Ectopic pregnancy
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| What organ is pear-shaped posterosuperior to the bladder? | Uterus
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| Uterus is located in what cavity? | Pelvic
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| The uterus contains what during pregnancy? | Placenta
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| What is the superior part where fallopian tubes enter? | Fundus
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| What is the main central part of the uterus called? | Body
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| What is the neck that opens in the vagina called? | Cervix
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| What is the outer layer of the uterus called? | Epimetrium (serosa)
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| What is a fold of visceral peritoneum? | Epimetrium (serosa)
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| The is the middle layer of the uterus called? | Myometrium
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| Myometrium is made up of _________muscle? | Smooth
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| What is the innermost layer of the uterus? | Endometrium
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| Endometrium contains how many layers? | 2
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| What are the two layers called in the endometrium | Basilar and functional
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| What layer of the endometrium is adjacent to myometrium? | Basilar
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| What layer of the endometrium is highly vascular? | Basilar
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| What layer of the endometrium is an area for mitosis? | Basilar
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| What layer is the innermost layer of the endometrium? | Functional
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| Which layer is regenerated and lost during each menstrual cycle if pregnancy does not occur? | Functional
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| Which layer of the endometrium vascularizes and thickens from estrogen and progesterone? | Functional
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| The functional layer vascularizes and thickens from estrogen and progesterone in preparation for? | Pregnancy
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| What is a mascular tube from cervix to vaginal orifice? | Vagina
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| The vagina is posterior to? | Urethra
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| What is the pelvic floor of the vagina called? | Perineum
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| The vagina is anterior to? | Rectum and anus
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| The vagina is covered by a thin membrane called the? | Hymen
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| Vagina is made of what type of epithelium? | Stratified squamous
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| Normal flora produce acidic or alkaline pH to help inhibit pathogens? | Acidic
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| The external genitalia is also known as the? | Vulva
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| What is a small mass of erectile tissue? | Clitoris
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| The clitoris is anterior to the? | Urethra
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| What is the fat pad external to pubic symphysis covered in pubic hair? | Mons pubis
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| What are lateral folds of skin called? | Labia major
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| What are medial, smaller folds of skin surrounding the vestibule? | Labia minora
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| Bartholin's are also known as? | Vestibular glands
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| The Bartholin's (AKA Vestibular) glands are located near the? | orifice
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| Bartholin's secrete lubrication during? | Intercourse
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| Mammary glands are made of what type of glands? | Lactiferous
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| Lactiferous (alveolar) glands are modified _______ glands that produce ______? | Sweat, milk
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| Prolactin increases? | Milk production
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| Oxytocin causes? | Milk release
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| Oxytocin is stimulated by? | Sucking
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| The menstrual cycle is influenced by what hormones? | FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone
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| There are how many phases of the menstrual cycle | 3
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| The first phase of the menstrual cycle is called the? | Menstrual phase
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| The menstrual phase is marked by loss of? | Functional endometrium layer
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| The second phase of the menstrual cycle is called the? | Follicular phase
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| The maturation of ovum occurs in what phase? | Follicular
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| The growth of ovarian follicles occurs in what phase? | Follicular
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| The third phase of the menstrual cycle is called the? | Luteal phase
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| Ruptured follicles becomes the? | Corpus luteum
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| The corpus luteum secretes what 2 hormones? | Progesterone and estrogen
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| Inhibin inhibits what 2 hormones? | FSH and LH
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| What hormone decreases uterine contraction to aid in implantation? | Relaxin
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| The menstrual cycle occurs every? | 28 days
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