topic for anatomy midterm
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| Location/position | used to explain exactly where one body structure is in relation to another.
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| • Superior | Above toward the head end or upper part of a structure.
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| • Inferior | below; away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure.
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| • Anterior (ventral) | toward or at the front of the body; in front of.
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| • Posterior (dorsal) | Toward or at the backside of the body; behind.
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| • Medial | Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of.
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| • Lateral | Away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of.
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| • Intermediate | Between a more medial and a more lateral structure.
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| • Proximal | Close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
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| • Distal | Farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.
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| • Superficial (external) | Toward or at the body surface.
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| • Deep (internal) | Away from the body surface; more internal.
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| • Sagittal | divides the body into left and right.
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| • Midsaggital (median) | the cut is made down the median plane of the body and the right and left parts are equal in size.
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| • Frontal (coronal) | a cut made along a lengthwise plane that divides the body (or an organ) into anterior and posterior parts.
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| • Transverse (cross section) | cut made along a horizontal plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.
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| • Dorsal body cavity | 2 subdivisions; continuous.
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| • Cranial cavity | space inside the bony skull.
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| • Spinal cavity | extends from the cranial cavity nearly to the end of the vertebral column.
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| • Ventral body cavity | contains all structures within the chest and the abdomen.
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| • Thoracic cavity | separated from the rest of the ventral cavity by a dome-shaped muscle, the diaphragm.
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| • Mediastinum | separates the lungs into right and left cavities in the thoracic cavity. It houses the heart, trachea and other visceral organs.
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| • Abdominopelvic cavity | inferior to the diaphragm.
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| • Abdominal cavity | contains stomach, liver intestines and other organs.
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| • Pelvic cavity | reproductive organs, bladder and rectum.
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| • Nucleus | control center of the cell.
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| • Cytoplasm | the site of most cellular activities.
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| • Plasma membrane | fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment.
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| • Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
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| • Diffusion | Facilitated diffusion provides passage for certain needed substances (notably glucose) that are both lipid-insoluble and too large to pass through membrane pores.
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| Division | Time in which the cell reproduces itself.
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| • Meiosis | produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
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| • Mitosis | division of the nucleus, results in formation of 2 daughter nuclei with exactly the same genes as the mother nucleus.
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| • Pigmentation-melanocytes | cells that produce melanin
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| • First-degree burns | only the epidermis is damaged. Red and Swollen.
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| • Second-degree burns | involve injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis. Red and painful and blisters.
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| • Third-degree burns | destroys the entire thickness of the skin. Blanched (gray-white) or blackened, no pain.
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| • Pacinian | deep pressure receptors.
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| • Meissner's | pain receptors (free nerve endings) and touch receptors.
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| • Epidermis | made up of stratified squamous epithelium capable of keratinizing or becoming hard and tough.
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| o Stratum basale/ germinativum | deepest cell layer. Constantly undergoing cell division.
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| o Stratum spinosum and Stratum granulosum | superficial layers.
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| o Stratum lucidum | occurs only when the skin is hairless and extra thick. Palms of hands and soles of feet.
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| o Stratum corneum | outermost layer. Double “overcoat” for the body.
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| • Dermis | dense connective tissue.
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| o Subcutaneous tissue/ hypodermis | adipose tissue. Shock absorber and insulation.
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| o Papillary layer | upper dermal region. Furnishes nutrients to the epidermis.
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| o Reticular layer | deepest skin layer. Contains blood vessels, sweat, oil glands and Pacinian corpuscles.
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| • Long bones | longer than they are wide.
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| o Diaphysis | shaft, makes up length of bone.
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| o Epiphyses | ends of bones.
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| Articular cartilage | covers is external surface.
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| o Periosteum | fibrous connective tissue.
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| o Epiphyseal line | a remnant of the plate, seen in young growing bone.
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| o Yellow marrow/ medullary cavity | storage area for adipose.
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| o Red marrow | confined to the cavities of spongy bone of flat bones and the epiphyses of some long bones.
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| • Short bones | cubed shaped, mostly spongy bone.
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| • Flat bones | thin, flattened and usually curved.
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| • Irregular bones | bones that do not fit into the other categories
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| • Ossification | hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with bone matrix by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts. Then, the enclosed hyaline cartilage model is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity within the newly formed bone.
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| Axial skeleton | the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body.
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| Appendicular skeleton | the bones of the limbs and girdles.
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| • Thorax | That portion of the body trunk above the diaphragm and below the neck.
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| o Tarsus | posterior half of the foot.
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| o Talus | Ankle.
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| o Metatarsals | forms the sole.
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| o Phalanges | toes.
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| o Coxal bones/ ossae coxae | hip bones
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| o Ilium | connects posteriorly with the sacrum.
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| o Iliac crest | the upper edge of the alae.
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| o Ischium | “sit-down” bone.
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| o Pubis/pubic bone | most anterior part of a coxal bone.
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| o False pelvis | superior to the true pelvis; the area medial to the flaring portions of the illia.
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| o True pelvis | surrounded by bone and lies inferior to the flaring parts of the illia and pelvic brim.
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| • Vertebra | spinal column
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| • humerus | the arm
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| • Radius | lateral bone, the thumb side of the forearm.
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| • Ulna | medial bone, pinky side.
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| • Tibia | shin bone.
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| • Calcaneus | heel bone.
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| • Clavicle | collarbone.
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| • Scapula | Shoulder blade.
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| • Sternum | breast bone.
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