Anatomy Qtr 2
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| Rigid elements of a skeleton meet at articulations or joints. These can be.... | *Bone to Bone
*Bone to Cartilage
*Teeth in bony sockets
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| The structure of joints enables... | Resistance to crushing, tearing, and other forces
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| Name the 3 joint classifications based on the amount of movement they allow | Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthroses
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| An immovable joint common in the axial skeleton | Synarthroses
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| A slightly movable joint common in the axial skeleton | Amphiarthroses
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| A freely movable joint common in the appendicular skeleton | Diarthroses
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| Name 3 structural classifications of joints | Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
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| Name the joint classification that has a joint cavity | Synovial
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| Describe fibrous joints | *Connected by fibrous connective tissue
*Do not have a joint cavity
*Immovable or slightly movable
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| Name the 3 types of fibrous joints | Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses
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| Term for closed sutures | Synostoses
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| What does fibrous tissue do as we age? | Ossifies
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| Describe cartilaginous joints | *Bones are united by cartilage
*Lack a joint cavity
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| Name the 2 types of cartilaginous joints | Synchondroses & Symphyses
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| Name examples of synchondroses | *Growth Plates
*Joint between the first rib and the manubrium
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| Describe symphyses and name examples | *Fibrocartilage unites the bones and resists tension & compression
*Slightly movable joints that provide strength with flexibility
*Intervertebral Discs & Pubic Symphysis
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| Describe synovial joints | *Most movable type of joint
*All are diarthroses
*Contain a cavity filled with synovial fluid
*Ends of opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage
*Innervated & Vascularized
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| Two layered capsule that encloses the synovial joint cavity | Articular Capsule
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| Name the 2 layers in the articular capsule | *Fibrous capsule-dense irregular connective tissue that is the outer layer
*Synovial Membrane-loose connective tissue that is the inner layer
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| A viscous fluid that is similar to egg white that arises from capillaries in the synovial membrane, contains glycoprotein molecules | Synovial Fluid
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| Reinforcing ligaments located outside the articular capsule | Extracapsular Ligaments
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| Reinforcing ligaments located internal to the articular capsule | Intracapsular Ligaments
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| What does the synovial joint of the knee contain between the articulating bones that are different shapes? | Articular Disc
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| A flattened fibrous sac lined by a synovial membrane that reduces friction between body elements | Bursa
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| An elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon | Tendon Sheath
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| What are some factors that can influence joint stability? | *The amount of ligaments present, the more ligaments the stronger the joint
*Muscle tone, the most important factor in joint stability
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| What is the most important factor in joint stability? | Muscle Tone
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| Name the 3 basic types of movement allowed by synovial joints | Gliding, Angular, Rotation
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| Describe gliding joints | *Flat surface of two bones slip across one another
ex: In the carpals, tarsals, articular processes of vertebrae
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| Name some angular movements | *Flexion & Extension
*Abduction & Adduction
*Circumduction
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| The decrease in the angle between two bones | Flexion
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| The increase in the angle between two bones | Extension
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| Moving a limb away from the body midline | Abduction
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| Moving a limb toward the body midline | Adduction
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| Moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space | Circumduction
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| Name the only movement allowed between the axis & atlas, and also occurs in the hip & shoulder joints | Rotation
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| Forearm rotates laterally, palm faces anteriorly | Supination
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| Forearm rotates medially, palm faces posteriorly | Pronation
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| Lifting the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin | Dorsiflexion
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| Depressing the foot and pointing the toes | Plantar Flexion
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| Turning the sole medially | Inversion
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| Turning the sole laterally | Eversion
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| Non-angular movement of jutting out the jaw | Protraction
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| Opposite movement of protraction; the movement of pulling the jaw back | Retraction
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| Lifting a body superiorly | Elevation
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| Moving the elevated part inferiorly | Depression
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| Movement of the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers | Opposition
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| Joint that allows short gliding movements and the articular surfaces are flat planes | Plane Joint
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| Joint where the cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough on another bone, movement is uniaxial ex: Elbow, Knee, Ankle Joints | Hinge Joints
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| Joint where the rotating bone only turns around its long axis, movement classified as uniaxial ex: Proximal Radioulnar Joint, Joint between the atlas and axis | Pivot Joint
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| Joint where the spherical head of one bone fits into the round socket of another, movement is classified as multiaxial ex: Shoulder and Hip Joints | Ball and Socket Joint
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| Name the 3 types of muscle tissue and a description of each | Skeletal: Striated, voluntary
Cardiac: occurs in the walls of the heart, involuntary, striated
Smooth: occurs in the walls of hollow organs, lack striations, involuntary
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| The study of muscles | Myology
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| Name 4 functions of muscle tissue | Movement, Maintenance of Posture, Joint Stabilization, Heat Generation
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| Name 4 functional features of muscles | Contractility, Excitability, Extensibility, Elasticity
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| Name the 3 types of connective tissue sheaths | Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium
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| Dense, irregular connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle | Epimysium
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| Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle Fascicle: group of muscle fibers | Perimysium
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| A fine sheath of connective tissue wrapping each muscle cell | Endomysium
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| Less movable muscle attachment | Origin
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| More movable muscle attachment | Insertion
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| Where is the insertion pulled when the muscle contracts? | The insertion is pulled toward the origin
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| Muscle attachment where the connective tissue fibers are short | Fleshy Attachments
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| Muscle attachment where the connective tissue forms a tendon or aponeurosis | Indirect Attachment
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| What type of muscle have opposing actions? | Antagonistic
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| What type of muscles work together to perform the same action? | Synergistic
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| *Muscle of the chest (anterior thorax) *Fan shaped muscle that converges & inserts on the humerus *Action: arm adduction | Pectoralis Major
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| *Muscle between the ribs *Action: to elevate the ribs in breathing *Increases the thoracic cavity *Muscles of Inspiration | External Intercostals
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| *Muscles between the ribs *Action: to depress the ribs in breathing *Decreases the thoracic cavity *Muscles of Expiration | Internal Intercostals
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| *Dome shaped muscle that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity *Origin: sternum, ribs, vertebrae *Insertion: central tendon of the diaphragm *Action: increases the thoracic capacity | Diaphragm (Phrenic Muscle)
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| Name what passes through the 3 openings in the diaphragm | For the vena cava, the aorta, and the esophagus
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| *Upper back muscle *Actions: elevates, retracts, and rotates the scapula | Trapezius
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| *Lower back muscle *Actions: extends, adducts, and rotates the humerus | Latissimus Dorsi
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| *Anteromedial abdominal muscle that had horizontal tendinous intersections *Action: flexes the trunk | Rectus Abdominous
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| White tendinous structure located at the midline of the abdomen | Linea Alba
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| *Most superficial of the anterolateral abdominal muscles *Insertion: Linea Alba *Action: Compresses the abdomen | External Obliques
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| *Intermediate in depth of the anterolateral abdominal muscles *Insertion: Linea Alba *Action: Compresses the abdomen | Internal Obliques
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| *Deepest of the anterolateral abdominal muscles *Insertion: Linea Alba *Action: Compresses the abdomen | Transverse Abdominus
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| *Posterior abdominal wall muscle *Action: Flexes the thigh | Psoas Major
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| *Rounded muscle mass of the shoulder *Insertion: Deltoid tuberocity of the humerus *Action: Flexes, rotates, and abducts the arm | Deltoid
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| *Muscle of the shoulder *Action: Adducts and rotates the arm | Teres Major
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| Name the rotator cuff muscles | *Supraspinatus
*Infraspinatus
*Teres Minor
*Subscapularis
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| *Two-headed muscle of the anterior arm *Action: Forearm flexion | Biceps Brachii
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| *Muscle of the anterior arm *Action: Forearm flexion | Brachialis
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| *Muscle of the posterior arm *Action: Forearm extension | Triceps Brachii
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| *Muscle of the anterior forearm *Action: Wrist Flexion | Flexor Carpi Radialis & Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
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| *Muscle of the anterior forearm *Action: Flexion of the phalanges | Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
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| *Forearm Muscle *Action: Flexes the forearm | Brachioradialis
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| *Forearm Muscle *Action: Supination | Supinator
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| *Largest & most superficial of the gluteal muscles *Action: Extends the thigh | Gluteus Maximus
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| *Inner thigh muscle *Action: Thigh adduction | Adductor Longus & Adductor Magnus
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| *Anterior thigh muscle that runs obliquely across the anterior thigh *Longest muscle of the body *Action: Leg flexion and rotation | Sartorius
aka: The Tailor's Muscle
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| Name the quadriceps muscles *The anterior thigh muscles that extend the leg | *Rectus Femoris
*Vastus Lateralis
*Vastus Medialis
*Vastus Intermedius
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| Name the hamstring muscles *Posterior thigh muscles that flex the leg | *Biceps Femoris
*Semitendinosus
*Semimembranosus
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| *Posterior knee *Action: Rotates the leg | Popliteus
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| *Anterior leg *Action: Dorsiflexion | Tibialis Anterior
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| *Posterior leg; superficial calf muscle *Insertion: Inserts on the posterior calcaneous via the calcaneal tendon (achilles) *Action: Plantar Flexion | Gastrocnemius
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| *Posterior leg; calf muscle located deep to the gastrocnemius *Action: Plantar flexion | Soleus
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| What is the command and control center of the body? | Nervous System
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| What are the 2 basic divisions of the nervous system? | *Central Nervous System (CNS)
*Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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| What are the basic components of the CNS? | Brain & Spinal Cord
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| What are the basic components of the PNS? | Cranial Nerves & Spinal Nerves
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| Signals that move toward the central nervous system | Sensory Signals
**Afferent
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| Signals that move away from the CNS | Motor Signals
**Efferent
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| The main body of a neuron | Cell Body
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| The nerve fiber that transmits impulses away; part of the neuron | Axon
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| Part of a neuron that is the receiver, they branch away from the cell body | Dendrites
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| What are the functions of supporting cells? | *AKA Neuroglial Cells
*Non-excitable
*Insulate, Protect, Nourish the neuron
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| The layer of delicate connective tissue surrounding the axon | Endoneurium
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| The connective tissue wrapping surrounding a nerve fascicle | Perineurium
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| The whole nerve is surrounded by a tough fibrous sheath | Epineurium
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| Name the 4 basic parts of the brain | *Cerebrum
*Diencephalon
*Brainstem
*Cerebellum
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| Name the 3 parts of the diencephalon | *Thalamus
*Hypothalamus
*Epithalamus
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| Name the 3 parts of the brainstem | *Midbrain
*Pons
*Medulla Oblongata
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| What are the extensions of the brain's central cavity? | Ventricles
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| Where is cerebral spinal fluid produced in the ventricles? | In the choroid plexuses
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| The opening between the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle | Foramen of Monro/Interventricular Foramen
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| The opening that lies between the 3rd & 4th ventricles | Aqueduct of Sylvius/Cerebral Aqueduct
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| The opening that connects the ventricles with the subarachnoid space; allows CSF to bathe the entire CNS | Foramen of Magendie & Foramen of Luschke
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| The fissure that separates the right and left hemispheres of the brain | Median Longitudinal Fissure
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| The many grooves on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres | Sulci
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| The twisted ridges of tissue between the sulci | Gyri
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| Name the 5 lobes of the brain | Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insula
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| Name the 3 primary tissue types in the brain | *Cerebral Cortex
*White Matter
*Deep Gray Matter
AKA Basal Ganglia, Basal Nuclei
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| *"Gateway" to the cerebral cortex *Makes up 80% of the diencephalon *Nuclei organize & amplify/tone down signals | Thalamus
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| The main visceral control center of the body | Hypothalamus
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| The part of the diencephalon that includes the pineal gland, and secretes melatonin which signals the body to prepare for the nighttime stage of the sleep-wake cycle | Epithalamus
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| Where do the cranial nerves III-XII attach? | The brainstem
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| *Located dorsal to the pons & medulla *Controls balance and muscle coordination | Cerebellum
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| Name the 3 layers of the meninges | *Dura Mater
*Arachnoid Mater
*Pia Mater
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| The most superficial layer of the meninges that is made up of two layers (periosteal & meningeal) | Dura Mater
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| Name the intermediate layer of the meninges | Arachnoid Mater
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| Name the deepest layer of the meninges | Pia Mater
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| What do the meninges do? | Cover and protect the CNS
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| Provides a liquid cushion for the brain and spinal cord *produced in the choroid plexuses | Cerebrospinal Fluid
(CSF)
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| What does the blood-brain barrier do? | It prevents most blood-bourne toxins from entering the brain. These capillaries are some of the least permeable in the body.
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| Runs through the vertebral canal from the foramen magnum to the level of L1 or L2 | Spinal Cord
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| The inferior end of the spinal cord | Conus Medularis
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| Attaches the conus medularis to the coccyx inferiorly | Filum Terminale
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| The part of the spinal cord where the spinal nerves for the upper limbs arise | Cervical Enlargement
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| The part of the spinal cord where the spinal nerves for the lower limbs arise | Lumbar Enlargement
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| The spinal nerves that arise from the terminal end of the spinal cord | Cauda Equina
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| Ligaments that anchor the spinal cord to the vertebrae | Denticulate Ligaments
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| How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? | 12 Pairs
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| Cranial Nerve I | Olfactory Nerve-> sensory nerve of smell
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| Cranial Nerve II | Optic Nerve-> sensory nerve of vision
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| Cranial Nerve III | Oculomotor Nerve-> innervates 4 of the extrinsic eye muscles
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| Cranial Nerve IV | Trochlear Nerve-> innervates an extrinsic eye muscle
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| Cranial Nerve V | Trigeminal Nerve-> provides sensory innervation to the face
(specifically the pterygoid muscles)
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| Cranial Nerve VI | Abducens Nerve-> abducts the eyeball
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| Cranial Nerve VII | Facial Nerve-> innervates muscles of facial expression
*there are 5 primary divisions
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| Cranial Nerve VIII | Vestibulocochlear Nerve-> sensory nerve of hearing and balance
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| Cranial Nerve IX | Glossopharangeal Nerve-> innervates the structures of the tongue and pharynx
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| Cranial Nerve X | Vagus Nerve-> mixed sensory & motor nerve; wanders into the thorax & abdomen
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| Cranial Nerve XI | Accessory Nerve-> accessory part of the vagus nerve
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| Cranial Nerve XII | Hypoglossal Nerve-> innervates the tongue muscles; runs inferior to the tongue
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| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 Pairs
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| How many pairs of nerves are in the cervical-brachial plexus? | 8 Pairs
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| How many pairs of nerves are in the thoracic plexus? | 12 Pairs
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| How many pairs of nerves are in the lumbar plexus? | 5 Pairs
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| How many pairs of nerves are in the sacral plexus? | 5 Pairs
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| How many pairs of nerves are in the coccygeal plexus? | 1 Pair
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| What is the autonomic nervous system also known as? | Involuntary Nervous System
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| Name the 2 divisions of the ANS | *Sympathetic Division
*Parasympathetic Division
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| Describe the sympathetic division of the ANS | *Fight, Flight, Fright
*Activated during exercise, excitement, & emergencies
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| Describe the parasympathetic division of the ANS | *Resting & Digesting
*Concerned with conserving energy
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