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Anatomy Qtr 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Rigid elements of a skeleton meet at articulations or joints. These can be.... | *Bone to Bone *Bone to Cartilage *Teeth in bony sockets |
| The structure of joints enables... | Resistance to crushing, tearing, and other forces |
| Name the 3 joint classifications based on the amount of movement they allow | Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, Diarthroses |
| An immovable joint common in the axial skeleton | Synarthroses |
| A slightly movable joint common in the axial skeleton | Amphiarthroses |
| A freely movable joint common in the appendicular skeleton | Diarthroses |
| Name 3 structural classifications of joints | Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial |
| Name the joint classification that has a joint cavity | Synovial |
| Describe fibrous joints | *Connected by fibrous connective tissue *Do not have a joint cavity *Immovable or slightly movable |
| Name the 3 types of fibrous joints | Sutures, Syndesmoses, Gomphoses |
| Term for closed sutures | Synostoses |
| What does fibrous tissue do as we age? | Ossifies |
| Describe cartilaginous joints | *Bones are united by cartilage *Lack a joint cavity |
| Name the 2 types of cartilaginous joints | Synchondroses & Symphyses |
| Name examples of synchondroses | *Growth Plates *Joint between the first rib and the manubrium |
| Describe symphyses and name examples | *Fibrocartilage unites the bones and resists tension & compression *Slightly movable joints that provide strength with flexibility *Intervertebral Discs & Pubic Symphysis |
| Describe synovial joints | *Most movable type of joint *All are diarthroses *Contain a cavity filled with synovial fluid *Ends of opposing bones are covered with hyaline cartilage *Innervated & Vascularized |
| Two layered capsule that encloses the synovial joint cavity | Articular Capsule |
| Name the 2 layers in the articular capsule | *Fibrous capsule-dense irregular connective tissue that is the outer layer *Synovial Membrane-loose connective tissue that is the inner layer |
| A viscous fluid that is similar to egg white that arises from capillaries in the synovial membrane, contains glycoprotein molecules | Synovial Fluid |
| Reinforcing ligaments located outside the articular capsule | Extracapsular Ligaments |
| Reinforcing ligaments located internal to the articular capsule | Intracapsular Ligaments |
| What does the synovial joint of the knee contain between the articulating bones that are different shapes? | Articular Disc |
| A flattened fibrous sac lined by a synovial membrane that reduces friction between body elements | Bursa |
| An elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon | Tendon Sheath |
| What are some factors that can influence joint stability? | *The amount of ligaments present, the more ligaments the stronger the joint *Muscle tone, the most important factor in joint stability |
| What is the most important factor in joint stability? | Muscle Tone |
| Name the 3 basic types of movement allowed by synovial joints | Gliding, Angular, Rotation |
| Describe gliding joints | *Flat surface of two bones slip across one another ex: In the carpals, tarsals, articular processes of vertebrae |
| Name some angular movements | *Flexion & Extension *Abduction & Adduction *Circumduction |
| The decrease in the angle between two bones | Flexion |
| The increase in the angle between two bones | Extension |
| Moving a limb away from the body midline | Abduction |
| Moving a limb toward the body midline | Adduction |
| Moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space | Circumduction |
| Name the only movement allowed between the axis & atlas, and also occurs in the hip & shoulder joints | Rotation |
| Forearm rotates laterally, palm faces anteriorly | Supination |
| Forearm rotates medially, palm faces posteriorly | Pronation |
| Lifting the foot so its superior surface approaches the shin | Dorsiflexion |
| Depressing the foot and pointing the toes | Plantar Flexion |
| Turning the sole medially | Inversion |
| Turning the sole laterally | Eversion |
| Non-angular movement of jutting out the jaw | Protraction |
| Opposite movement of protraction; the movement of pulling the jaw back | Retraction |
| Lifting a body superiorly | Elevation |
| Moving the elevated part inferiorly | Depression |
| Movement of the thumb to touch the tips of other fingers | Opposition |
| Joint that allows short gliding movements and the articular surfaces are flat planes | Plane Joint |
| Joint where the cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough on another bone, movement is uniaxial ex: Elbow, Knee, Ankle Joints | Hinge Joints |
| Joint where the rotating bone only turns around its long axis, movement classified as uniaxial ex: Proximal Radioulnar Joint, Joint between the atlas and axis | Pivot Joint |
| Joint where the spherical head of one bone fits into the round socket of another, movement is classified as multiaxial ex: Shoulder and Hip Joints | Ball and Socket Joint |
| Name the 3 types of muscle tissue and a description of each | Skeletal: Striated, voluntary Cardiac: occurs in the walls of the heart, involuntary, striated Smooth: occurs in the walls of hollow organs, lack striations, involuntary |
| The study of muscles | Myology |
| Name 4 functions of muscle tissue | Movement, Maintenance of Posture, Joint Stabilization, Heat Generation |
| Name 4 functional features of muscles | Contractility, Excitability, Extensibility, Elasticity |
| Name the 3 types of connective tissue sheaths | Epimysium, Perimysium, Endomysium |
| Dense, irregular connective tissue surrounding the entire muscle | Epimysium |
| Fibrous connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle Fascicle: group of muscle fibers | Perimysium |
| A fine sheath of connective tissue wrapping each muscle cell | Endomysium |
| Less movable muscle attachment | Origin |
| More movable muscle attachment | Insertion |
| Where is the insertion pulled when the muscle contracts? | The insertion is pulled toward the origin |
| Muscle attachment where the connective tissue fibers are short | Fleshy Attachments |
| Muscle attachment where the connective tissue forms a tendon or aponeurosis | Indirect Attachment |
| What type of muscle have opposing actions? | Antagonistic |
| What type of muscles work together to perform the same action? | Synergistic |
| *Muscle of the chest (anterior thorax) *Fan shaped muscle that converges & inserts on the humerus *Action: arm adduction | Pectoralis Major |
| *Muscle between the ribs *Action: to elevate the ribs in breathing *Increases the thoracic cavity *Muscles of Inspiration | External Intercostals |
| *Muscles between the ribs *Action: to depress the ribs in breathing *Decreases the thoracic cavity *Muscles of Expiration | Internal Intercostals |
| *Dome shaped muscle that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity *Origin: sternum, ribs, vertebrae *Insertion: central tendon of the diaphragm *Action: increases the thoracic capacity | Diaphragm (Phrenic Muscle) |
| Name what passes through the 3 openings in the diaphragm | For the vena cava, the aorta, and the esophagus |
| *Upper back muscle *Actions: elevates, retracts, and rotates the scapula | Trapezius |
| *Lower back muscle *Actions: extends, adducts, and rotates the humerus | Latissimus Dorsi |
| *Anteromedial abdominal muscle that had horizontal tendinous intersections *Action: flexes the trunk | Rectus Abdominous |
| White tendinous structure located at the midline of the abdomen | Linea Alba |
| *Most superficial of the anterolateral abdominal muscles *Insertion: Linea Alba *Action: Compresses the abdomen | External Obliques |
| *Intermediate in depth of the anterolateral abdominal muscles *Insertion: Linea Alba *Action: Compresses the abdomen | Internal Obliques |
| *Deepest of the anterolateral abdominal muscles *Insertion: Linea Alba *Action: Compresses the abdomen | Transverse Abdominus |
| *Posterior abdominal wall muscle *Action: Flexes the thigh | Psoas Major |
| *Rounded muscle mass of the shoulder *Insertion: Deltoid tuberocity of the humerus *Action: Flexes, rotates, and abducts the arm | Deltoid |
| *Muscle of the shoulder *Action: Adducts and rotates the arm | Teres Major |
| Name the rotator cuff muscles | *Supraspinatus *Infraspinatus *Teres Minor *Subscapularis |
| *Two-headed muscle of the anterior arm *Action: Forearm flexion | Biceps Brachii |
| *Muscle of the anterior arm *Action: Forearm flexion | Brachialis |
| *Muscle of the posterior arm *Action: Forearm extension | Triceps Brachii |
| *Muscle of the anterior forearm *Action: Wrist Flexion | Flexor Carpi Radialis & Flexor Carpi Ulnaris |
| *Muscle of the anterior forearm *Action: Flexion of the phalanges | Flexor Digitorum Superficialis |
| *Forearm Muscle *Action: Flexes the forearm | Brachioradialis |
| *Forearm Muscle *Action: Supination | Supinator |
| *Largest & most superficial of the gluteal muscles *Action: Extends the thigh | Gluteus Maximus |
| *Inner thigh muscle *Action: Thigh adduction | Adductor Longus & Adductor Magnus |
| *Anterior thigh muscle that runs obliquely across the anterior thigh *Longest muscle of the body *Action: Leg flexion and rotation | Sartorius aka: The Tailor's Muscle |
| Name the quadriceps muscles *The anterior thigh muscles that extend the leg | *Rectus Femoris *Vastus Lateralis *Vastus Medialis *Vastus Intermedius |
| Name the hamstring muscles *Posterior thigh muscles that flex the leg | *Biceps Femoris *Semitendinosus *Semimembranosus |
| *Posterior knee *Action: Rotates the leg | Popliteus |
| *Anterior leg *Action: Dorsiflexion | Tibialis Anterior |
| *Posterior leg; superficial calf muscle *Insertion: Inserts on the posterior calcaneous via the calcaneal tendon (achilles) *Action: Plantar Flexion | Gastrocnemius |
| *Posterior leg; calf muscle located deep to the gastrocnemius *Action: Plantar flexion | Soleus |
| What is the command and control center of the body? | Nervous System |
| What are the 2 basic divisions of the nervous system? | *Central Nervous System (CNS) *Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
| What are the basic components of the CNS? | Brain & Spinal Cord |
| What are the basic components of the PNS? | Cranial Nerves & Spinal Nerves |
| Signals that move toward the central nervous system | Sensory Signals **Afferent |
| Signals that move away from the CNS | Motor Signals **Efferent |
| The main body of a neuron | Cell Body |
| The nerve fiber that transmits impulses away; part of the neuron | Axon |
| Part of a neuron that is the receiver, they branch away from the cell body | Dendrites |
| What are the functions of supporting cells? | *AKA Neuroglial Cells *Non-excitable *Insulate, Protect, Nourish the neuron |
| The layer of delicate connective tissue surrounding the axon | Endoneurium |
| The connective tissue wrapping surrounding a nerve fascicle | Perineurium |
| The whole nerve is surrounded by a tough fibrous sheath | Epineurium |
| Name the 4 basic parts of the brain | *Cerebrum *Diencephalon *Brainstem *Cerebellum |
| Name the 3 parts of the diencephalon | *Thalamus *Hypothalamus *Epithalamus |
| Name the 3 parts of the brainstem | *Midbrain *Pons *Medulla Oblongata |
| What are the extensions of the brain's central cavity? | Ventricles |
| Where is cerebral spinal fluid produced in the ventricles? | In the choroid plexuses |
| The opening between the lateral ventricles and the 3rd ventricle | Foramen of Monro/Interventricular Foramen |
| The opening that lies between the 3rd & 4th ventricles | Aqueduct of Sylvius/Cerebral Aqueduct |
| The opening that connects the ventricles with the subarachnoid space; allows CSF to bathe the entire CNS | Foramen of Magendie & Foramen of Luschke |
| The fissure that separates the right and left hemispheres of the brain | Median Longitudinal Fissure |
| The many grooves on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres | Sulci |
| The twisted ridges of tissue between the sulci | Gyri |
| Name the 5 lobes of the brain | Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insula |
| Name the 3 primary tissue types in the brain | *Cerebral Cortex *White Matter *Deep Gray Matter AKA Basal Ganglia, Basal Nuclei |
| *"Gateway" to the cerebral cortex *Makes up 80% of the diencephalon *Nuclei organize & amplify/tone down signals | Thalamus |
| The main visceral control center of the body | Hypothalamus |
| The part of the diencephalon that includes the pineal gland, and secretes melatonin which signals the body to prepare for the nighttime stage of the sleep-wake cycle | Epithalamus |
| Where do the cranial nerves III-XII attach? | The brainstem |
| *Located dorsal to the pons & medulla *Controls balance and muscle coordination | Cerebellum |
| Name the 3 layers of the meninges | *Dura Mater *Arachnoid Mater *Pia Mater |
| The most superficial layer of the meninges that is made up of two layers (periosteal & meningeal) | Dura Mater |
| Name the intermediate layer of the meninges | Arachnoid Mater |
| Name the deepest layer of the meninges | Pia Mater |
| What do the meninges do? | Cover and protect the CNS |
| Provides a liquid cushion for the brain and spinal cord *produced in the choroid plexuses | Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) |
| What does the blood-brain barrier do? | It prevents most blood-bourne toxins from entering the brain. These capillaries are some of the least permeable in the body. |
| Runs through the vertebral canal from the foramen magnum to the level of L1 or L2 | Spinal Cord |
| The inferior end of the spinal cord | Conus Medularis |
| Attaches the conus medularis to the coccyx inferiorly | Filum Terminale |
| The part of the spinal cord where the spinal nerves for the upper limbs arise | Cervical Enlargement |
| The part of the spinal cord where the spinal nerves for the lower limbs arise | Lumbar Enlargement |
| The spinal nerves that arise from the terminal end of the spinal cord | Cauda Equina |
| Ligaments that anchor the spinal cord to the vertebrae | Denticulate Ligaments |
| How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? | 12 Pairs |
| Cranial Nerve I | Olfactory Nerve-> sensory nerve of smell |
| Cranial Nerve II | Optic Nerve-> sensory nerve of vision |
| Cranial Nerve III | Oculomotor Nerve-> innervates 4 of the extrinsic eye muscles |
| Cranial Nerve IV | Trochlear Nerve-> innervates an extrinsic eye muscle |
| Cranial Nerve V | Trigeminal Nerve-> provides sensory innervation to the face (specifically the pterygoid muscles) |
| Cranial Nerve VI | Abducens Nerve-> abducts the eyeball |
| Cranial Nerve VII | Facial Nerve-> innervates muscles of facial expression *there are 5 primary divisions |
| Cranial Nerve VIII | Vestibulocochlear Nerve-> sensory nerve of hearing and balance |
| Cranial Nerve IX | Glossopharangeal Nerve-> innervates the structures of the tongue and pharynx |
| Cranial Nerve X | Vagus Nerve-> mixed sensory & motor nerve; wanders into the thorax & abdomen |
| Cranial Nerve XI | Accessory Nerve-> accessory part of the vagus nerve |
| Cranial Nerve XII | Hypoglossal Nerve-> innervates the tongue muscles; runs inferior to the tongue |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are there? | 31 Pairs |
| How many pairs of nerves are in the cervical-brachial plexus? | 8 Pairs |
| How many pairs of nerves are in the thoracic plexus? | 12 Pairs |
| How many pairs of nerves are in the lumbar plexus? | 5 Pairs |
| How many pairs of nerves are in the sacral plexus? | 5 Pairs |
| How many pairs of nerves are in the coccygeal plexus? | 1 Pair |
| What is the autonomic nervous system also known as? | Involuntary Nervous System |
| Name the 2 divisions of the ANS | *Sympathetic Division *Parasympathetic Division |
| Describe the sympathetic division of the ANS | *Fight, Flight, Fright *Activated during exercise, excitement, & emergencies |
| Describe the parasympathetic division of the ANS | *Resting & Digesting *Concerned with conserving energy |
Created by:
sbarton
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