Reproductive system
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| What are the gonads | the ovaries and testes, their function is to form eggs and sperm
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| what are the functions of the male reproductive system. | Production of male hormones
Formation of sperm cells
Placement of sperm cells in the female reproductive tract
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| _______ are ducts to store and transport sperm | testes
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| testis are Protected by a capsule of fibrous connective tissue that serves to divide testis into ________ | lobules
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| Each ________ holds several seminiferous tubules | lobule
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| Seminiferous tubules are Lined with ________ ________ that has spermatogenic and supporting cells | germinal epithelium
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| ________ cells divide and produce sperm | Spermatogenic
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| Supporting cells Support and nourish __________ cells | spermatogenic
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| __________ cells are In spaces between seminiferous tubules, produce male sex hormones | Interstitial
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| _________ Produces sperms cells by the division of spermatogenic cells | Spermatogenesis
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| Spermatogenesis Begins at ______ and continues for lifetime | puberty
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| Spermatogenesis is controlled by _____ hormone and _______ hormone | follicle-stimulating hormone ; luteinizing hormone
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| The Goal of spermatogenesis is to form _ sperm from _ spermatogonium | 4 ; 1
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| Each sperm has half the number of ________ as other body cells | chromosomes
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| What are the 3 parts of the sperm cell | 1. head
2. body
3. flagellum
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| _____ provides mobility for a sperm cell | flagellum
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| The _____ of a sperm cell contains mitochondria for ATP production | Body
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| The ____ of a sperm cell carried 23 chromosomes | Head
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| ______ covers the head of the sperm cell and has enzymes to help penetrate an egg | Acrosome
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| ________ ducts carry sperm from testes to outside of body | Accessory
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| What the the types of ducts in the male reproductive system | 1. epididymus
2. Vas deferens
3. ejaculatory duct
4. urethra
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| ________ Receives sperm from seminiferous tubules it is the Site of sperm maturation and it Takes 10-14 days for sperm to pass through the tube | Epididymus
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| ___ _____Extends from epididymus, through inguinal canal, enters pelvic cavity,runs along lateral surface of bladder, Uses peristalsis to move sperm | Vas deferens
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| ______ ______Forms by union of vas deferens and duct from seminal vesicles under the bladder, it Passes through prostate gland and enters the urethra and Contracts to push sperm and fluids into urethra | Ejaculatory duct
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| Seminal vesicles are paired glands whose ducts merge with the vas deferens.... what is their functions | Secrete an alkaline fluid to help regulate pH of semen
Secrete fructose that serves as energy source for sperm cells
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| _____ _____ is the doughnut shaped gland encircling the urethra | Prostate gland
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| What is the function of the prostate gland | Secretes a milky fluid into urethra that keeps sperm pH slightly alkaline and activates swimming movements of sperm
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| _____ is the fluid that passes from urethra during ejaculation | Semen
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| What does semen contain? | 1. Sperm and secretions from all three glands
2. nutrients for sperm cells
3. molecules to activate sperm motility
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| _____ is the external sac of skin that holds the testes | scrotum
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| Testes migrate into the scrotum during 7th month of development under the control of ________ | testosterone
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| The normal temperatures for testes is __ degrees lower than body temperature | 3
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| ______ is the copulatory organ that deposits sperm into the female vagina | penis
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| _____ penis is the enlarged end covered by a protective sheath called the _____ which is the part that is removed by circumcision in young male infants | Glans ; Prepuce
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| For males; At puberty, hypothalamus secretes ________ _______ ______ | gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
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| gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)stimulates the pituitary gland to release what 2 hormones | 1. Follicle-stimulating hormone
2. Luteinizing hormone
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| _______ _______ hormone - works with testosterone to stimulate spermatogenesis | Follicle-stimulating
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| ________ hormone - Promotes growth of interstitial cells and Stimulates production of testosterone by interstitial cells | Luteinizing
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| What are the functions of testosterone in males | 1. Promotes the formation of male sex organs in fetal development
2. Promotes maturation of male reproductive organs and the development of male secondary sex characteristics during puberty
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| What are the male secondary sex characteristics | 1. Growth of body hair
2. Increased muscular development
3. Development of heavy bones, broad shoulders, and narrow pelvis
4. Deepening of the voice
5. Increase in rate of cellular metabolism
6. Increase rate of red blood cell production
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| What are the functions of the female reproductive system. | *Produces female sex hormones and sex cells(eggs)
*Transports eggs to site where they can meet sperm
*Provides environment for development of offspring
*Helps facilitate the birthing process
*Supplies offspring with nutrients after birth
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| Describe the ovaries | 1. Upper lateral portions of pelvic cavity
2. Size and shapes of almonds
3. Outer surface is covered by a germinal epithelium
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| During ________(ova production)All germ cells divide and become primary oocytes prior to birth, Females are born with their total number of primary oocytes | Oogenesis
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| Primary ____ do not activate until puberty and only a few are activated and only one is released | oocytes
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| Describe the uterine tubes | 1. Extends from ovary to the uterus
2. Possesses fimbria to create current in surrounding fluid to sweep egg into tube
3. Inside lining possesses ciliated columnar epithelium that draws the ovum into the tube and propels it toward the uterus
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| What are the 3 layers of the uterus | 1. Endometrium - Lines interior
2. Myometrium - Smooth muscle
3. Perimetrium - Covers the exterior surface
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| Describe the uterus | 1. Posterior to bladder but bends over and above bladder
2. Hollow organ with thick muscular walls
3. Provides an appropriate internal environment for a growing baby
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| ___ is the neck of the uterus and protrudes into the vagina | cervix
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| the ____ is the upper portion of the uterus that is attached to uterine tubes | body
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| Describe the vagina | 1. Collapsible tube extending from uterus to the outside
2. Posterior to urethra and anterior to rectum
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| the _____ functions as a copulatory organ and a birth canal | vagina
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| ____ is the external female genitalia that surrounds the urethral and vaginal openings | Vulva
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| The vulva Has lateral folds of skin called ____ ____ that join anteriorly at the mons pubis | Labia majora
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| The vulva has thinner more medial folds of skin called the ____ _____ that join anteriorly at the clitoris | Labia minora
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| The _____ is the opening between the labia containing the openings for the urethra and the vagina | Vestibule
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| the _____ is the female nodule of erectile tissue analagous to the penis in males | Clitoris
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| _______ is Produced by ovarian follicles exposed to FSH, Stimulates maturation of female sex organs | estrogen
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| _______ stimulates the development of secondary characteristics during puberty | estrogen
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| What are the secondary sexual characteristics of females | 1.Development of mammary glands and breasts
2. Broad pelvis
3. Increased adipose deposition
4. Increased blood supply to skin
5. Development of body hair
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| ______ is Produced by the corpus luteum after ovulation | Projesterone
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| What is the major role of progesterone | development and maintenance of uterine lining in pregnancy and also inhibits uterine contractions and dilation of the cervix
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| What are the 2 female reproductive cycles | 1. Ovarian cycle
2. menstrual cycle
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| What is the ovarian cycle | monthly formation and release of secondary oocyte and events in the ovary in anticipation of pregnancy
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| What is the menstrual cycle | repetitive changes in the uterine lining that causes monthly menstrual bleeding
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| Female reproductive Cycles continue from puberty until ______ which is the cessation of reproductive cycles | menopause
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| One day one of the ovarian cycle ____ causes anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH | GnRH
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| ______ promotes several primary follicles to develop, One becomes dominant and continues to develop, the others stop development during ovarian cycle | fsh
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| During the ovarian cycle FSH causes primary follicles to secrete ______ beginning day 7 then primary follicles become secondary follicles | estrogen
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| During the ovarian cycle Rapid rise in estrogen occurs, peaking at day 12 which causes the release of more GnRH from the ___________ | hypothalamus
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| During the ovarian cycle ____ causes LH to be released which produces a sharp increase in LH (and some FSH) on day 13 | GnRH
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| During the ovarian cycle High levels of LH cause ovulation of the oocyte on day 14 then the empty follicle is converted into the ______ _____ | corpus luteum
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| ______ ________ produces high levels of estrogen and progesterone | Corpus luteum
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| During the ovarian cycle ______exerts a negative feedback effect which inhibits GnRH, FSH, and LH production | Progesterone
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| Without fertilization,____ _____ degenerates which causes a loss of estrogen and progesterone between days 25-28 of the ovarian cycle | corpus luteum
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| What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle | 1. Menstruation
2. Proliferative phase
3. Secretory phase
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| ________ cycle Refers to monthly changes in the endometrium each month which occurs in response to changes in estrogen and progesterone levels | Menstrual cycle
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| ______ begins on day one of the menstrual cycle and occurs in response to low estrogen and progesterone levels | Menstruation
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| Menstruation causes break down in the ______ _____ | uterine lining
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| ______ _________ is stimulated by estrogen produced by the developing follicles and causes a build up in the endometrium | Proliferative phase
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| Proliferative phase ends at ________ | ovulation
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| the _______ _____ Begins at ovulation and ends at day 1 of menstruation it is Controlled by hormones from the corpus luteum and Estrogen continues endometrial thickening | Secretory phase
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| During the secretory phase ________ stimulates the formation of blood vessels and glands in the uterine lining to prepare endometrium for an embryo | Progesterone
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| If no fertilization occurs, ________ and _______ levels drop and the lining is sloughed off (menstration) | estrogen ; progesterone
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