chap 4 review
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| abduction | the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
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| adduction | the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
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| atonic | lacking normal muscle tone or strength
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| atrophy | weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
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| biceps | brachii biceps, formed from two divisions
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| bradykinesia | extreme slowness in movement
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| chronic fatigue syndrome | a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems
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| circumduction | the circular movement at the distal(far) end of a limb
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| contraction | the tightening of a muscle
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| contracture | the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
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| cramp | a localized muscle spasm named for its cause
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| deltoid muscle | forms the muscular cap of the shoulder
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| depression | the act of lowering a body part
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| dorsiflexion | bends the foot upward at the ankle
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| electromyography | a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
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| elevation | the act of raising or lifting a body part
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| ergonomics | the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
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| extension | increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening of a limb
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| fascia | the sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles or groups of muscles
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| fasciitis | inflammation of a fascia
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| fasciotomy | a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure
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| fibromyalgia syndrome | a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, diffuse and or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain, and a wide range of other symptoms
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| flexion | decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
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| hemiparesis | slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
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| hemiplegia | total paralysis affecting only one side of the body
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| hyperextension | the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
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| hypertonia | a condition of excessive tone of the skeletal muscles
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| hypokinesia | abnormally decreased muscle function or activity
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| hypotonia | a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
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| muscular dystrophy | a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system
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| myalgia | tenderness or pain in the muscles
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| myocele | the herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
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| myectomy | the surgical excision of a portion of a muscle
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| myocardial muscles | form the muscular walls of the heart
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| myomalacia | abnormal softening of muscle tissue
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| myoplasty | the surgical repair of a muscle
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| oblique | slanted or at an angle
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| paralysis | the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
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| paraplegia | the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
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| plantar flexion | bends the foot downward at the ankle
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| pronation | the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
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| quadriplegia | paralysis of all four extremeties
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| relaxation | when a muscle returns to its original form
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| RICE | Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
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| rotation | turns a bone on its own axis
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| shin splint | a painful condition caused by the muscle tearing away from the tibia
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| skeletal muscles | voluntary, striated, attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible
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| smooth muscles | involuntary, unstriated, located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands
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| spasm | a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles
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| sphincter | a ring-like muscle that tightly constructs the opening of a passageway
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| spinal cord injury | the type of paralysis is determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury
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| sprain | an injury of a joint, such as ankle, knee, or wrist that usually involves a stretched or torn ligament
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| strain | an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon
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| supination | the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand, or sole of the foot, is turned forward or upward
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| tendinitis | an inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
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| tendon | a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
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| tenodesis | the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
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| transverse | in a crosswise direction
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| triceps | formed from three divisions
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