Cell Anatomy and Skeletal System
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| what divides the two ventral cavities | diaphragm
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| two parts of the thoracic cavity | mediastinum (contains pericardium) and pleura
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| three organs found in mediastinum | heart, trachea, esophagus
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| outer wall of a serous cavity | parietal serosa
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| inner wall of a serous cavity | visceral serosa
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| biological catalysts | enzymes
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| mechanism by which particles enter a cell | endocytosis
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| primary nonspecific defense mechanism of the host, an example of endocytosis | phagocytosis
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| mechanism that moves substances out of the cell | exocytosis
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| site of protein synthesis | ribosomes
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| network within the cytoplasm | endoplasmic reticulum
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| cell membrane factory | rough ER
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| stores ionic calcium in the cell | rough ER
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| site of lipid metabolism in the cell | smooth ER
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| post office of the cell | golgi apparatus
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| powerhouse of the cell | mitochondria
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| membrane-walled sacs that contain digestive enzymes | lysosomes
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| cell skeleton | cytoskeleton
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| control center of the cell | nucleus
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| tissue responsible for covering and lining | epithelial tissue
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| tissue responsible for support | connective tissue
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| tissue responsible for movement | muscle tissue
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| tissue responsible for control/communication | nervous tissue
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| one layer of cells in epithelial tiss. | simple
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| more than one layer of cells in epithelial tiss. | stratified
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| cells wider than tall, plate-like | squamous
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| cells as wide as they are tall | cuboidal
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| cells that are taller than they are wide | columnar
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| ducts that carry products to an epithelial surface or into a body cavity | exocrine gland
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| ductless glands that secrete substances directly into the blood stream | endocrine gland
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| organ that functions for both exocrine and endocrine | pancreas
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| most diverse and abundant tissue | connective tissue
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| 4 types of connective tissue | connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood
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| three types of membranes that combine epithelial and connective tissue | 1) cutaneous membrane, 2) mucous membrane, 3) serous membrane
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| striated and voluntary muscle tissue | skeletal muscle
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| striated and involuntary muscle tissue | cardiac muscle
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| non-striated and involuntary muscle tissue | smooth muscle
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| two layers of skin | epidermis, dermis
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| layer of skin classified as stratified squamous epithelial tissue | epidermis
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| layer of skin classified as connective tissue | dermis
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| lies deep to the skin and is not considered part of the skin | hypodermis
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| most abundant cell type in the epidermis, produces keratin | keratinocytes
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| epidermal cell type which produces a dark skin pigment | melanocytes
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| epidermal cell type associated with a sensory nerve ending, receptor for touch | merkel cells
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| epidermal cell type that uses endocytosis to take up antigens, immune system | langerhans cells
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| superficial layer of the dermis | papillary layer
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| papillary layer of dermis composed of ______ connective tissue | areolar
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| deep layer of the dermis | reticular layer
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| reticular layer of dermis composed of _______ connective tissue | dense irregular
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| is dermis vascularized? | yes
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| two names for hypodermis | superficial fascia, subcutaneous layer
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| two tissue types in hypodermis | areolar and adipose connective tissue
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| flexible strand of dead hard keratin | hair
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| two parts of a hair | root, shaft
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| sebaceous glands occur everywhere on the body except | palms and soles
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| sebaceous glands secrete | sebum
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| another name for sweat gland | sudoriferous gland
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| true sweat is | 99% water, some NaCl and metabolic wastes
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| sweat gland that produces true sweat | eccrine gland
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| larger of the sweat glands, produce sweat with fatty substances and proteins | apocrine gland
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| scale-like modification of epidermis, made of hard keratin | nails
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| membrane of fibrous connective tissue around the surface of cartilage | perichrondrium
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| most abundant cartilage type | hyaline cartilage
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| cartilage found at the ends of long bones and costal cartilage | hyaline cartilage
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| cartilage which contains many elastic fibers, able to tolerate repeated bending | elastic cartilage
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| cartilage found in the ear and epiglottis | elastic cartilage
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| cartilage which resists strong compression and strong tension | fibrocartilage
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| cartilage found in the intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci of the knee | fibrocartilage
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| blood cell formation | hematopoieisis
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| bones longer than they are wide | long bones
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| bones roughly cube-shaped | short bones
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| thin and flattened, usually curved bones | flat bones
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| bones of various shapes which do not fit into other categories | irregular bones
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| humerus is classified as a | long bone
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| carpals are classified as | short bones
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| ribs are classified as | flat bones
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| hip bones and bones of the vertebral column are classified as | irregular bones
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| dense outer layer of bone | compact bone
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| internal network of bone (three names) | spongy, cancellous, trabecular bone
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| shaft of a bone | diaphysis
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| ends of a bone | epiphysis
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| hollow cavity in the shaft of the bone filled with yellow marrow | medullary cavity
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| the fibrous membrane that covers the external surfaces of bones except at their articular surfaces | periosteum
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| fibers extending from the periosteum into the lamellae of the bone | sharpey's fibers/perforating fibers
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| membrane lining the medullary cavity of bone and other inner bone surfaces | endosteum
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| microscopic bone unit of compact bone consisting of haversian canals and lamellae, miniature weight-bearing pillars | osteon/haversian system
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| layer of bone matrix in which the collagen fibers and mineral crystals align and run in a single direction | lamella
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| fibers of adjacent lamella run in ______ directions | opposite
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| runs through the core of each osteon, contains blood vessels and nerve fibers | central/haversian canal
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| lie at right angles to central canals and connect blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to the central canals and marrow cavity | perforating canals/volkmann's canals
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| mature bone cells | osteocytes
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| osteocyte bodies occupy small cavities in compact bone called | lacunue
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| spider legs of osteocytes occupy thin tubes called | canaliculi
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| organic bone tissue makes up ____ of bone, list an abundant tissue that contributes to flexibility of bone | 35%, collagen
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| inorganic bone tissue makes up ____ of bone, name a mineral salt that provides bone with hardness and resistance to compressibility | 65%, calcium phosphate
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| how many total bones? in axial skeleton? appendicular? | 206, 80, 126
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| name the paired cranial bones | temporal, parietal
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| name the unpaired cranial bones | frontal, occipital, ethmoid, sphenoid
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| feature of the frontal bone which holds the large frontal lobes of the brain | anterior cranial fossa
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| 4 regions of the temporal bone | squamosal, tympanic, petrous, mastoid
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| zygomatic process in on the ______ region of the _______ bone | squamosal region, temporal
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| mandibular fossa is on the ______ region of the ______ bone | squamosal region, temporal
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| temporal region that surrounds the external auditory meatus | tympanic region
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| styloid process is on the ______ region of the _____ bone | tympanic region, temporal
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| region just posterior to the tympanic region on the temporal bone | mastoid process
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| mastoid process is on the _____ region of the ____ temporal bone | mastoid, temporal
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| region of the temporal bone which projects medially and contributes to the cranial base | petrous region
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| carotid canal located on ____ region of the temporal bone | petrous
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| jugular foramen located on the _____ region of the temporal bone | petrous
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| three ossicles of the ear | malleus, incus, stapes
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| bone that spans the floor of the cranial base | sphenoid bone
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| saddle-shaped prominence on the superior surface of the body, seat of the saddle is called the ______, holds what? | sella turcica, hypophyseal fossa, pituitary gland
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| lies between nasal and sphenoid bones, forms most of the medial bony region between the nasal cavity and orbits | ethmoid bone
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| the superior surface of the ethmoid bone, contribute to the roof of the nasal cavity-what passes through the openings in this structure | cribriform plate, olfactory nerve
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| ethmoid bone: extend medially from the lateral masses and protrude into the nasal cavity | superior and middle nasal conchae
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| ethmoid bone: between the two cribriform plates, helps secure the brain w/in cranial cavity | crista galli
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| ethmoid bone: projects inferiorly and forms superior part of nasal septum | perpendicular plate
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| unpaired facial bones (2) | mandible and vomer
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| paired facial bones (6) | maxillary, zygomatic, nasals, lacrimals, palatines, inferior nasal conchae
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| forms the inferior part of the nasal septum | vomer
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| thin, curved bones that project medially to form the lateral walls of the nasal cavity | inferior nasal conchae
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| only bone with no articulation with any other bone | hyoid
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| how many number of vertebrae? | 26
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| how many cervical vertebrae | 7
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| how many thoracic vertebrae | 12
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| how many lumbar vertebrae | 5
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| inferior to lumbar vert | sacrum
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| most inferior region of vertebral column | coccyx
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| cervical and lumbar curvatures are ______ from a posterolateral view | concave
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| thoracic and sacral curvatures are _____ from a posterolateral view | convex
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| c1 vert is the | atlas
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| c2 vert is the | axis
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| dens is located on the | axis
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| sternum, 3 sections | manubrium, body, xiphoid process
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| total ribs | 12
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| true ribs | 7
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| false ribs | 5
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| floating ribs | 2
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| number of bones in upper extremities, lower extremities? | 64, 62
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| more stable of the girdles for movement | pelvic girdle
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| more flexible of the girdles for movement | pectoral girdle
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| medial condyle of the humerus, articulates with ulna | trochlea
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| lateral condyle of the humerus that articulates with the radius | capitulum
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| humerus: located directly superior to the trochlea on posterior surface, receives the olecranon process of ulna when extended | olecranon fossa
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| humerus: located superior to the trochlea on anterior surface, receives the coronoid process of ulna when flexed | coronoid fossa
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| in anatomical position, which of the forearm bones is lateral? medial? | radius is lateral, ulna is medial
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| main bone that forms the elbow joint | ulna
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| smooth depression on the ulna which receives the radius | radial notch
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| name the 8 carpal bones | scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
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| metacarpals and phalanges are all numbered 1-5 starting with which digit? | pollex
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| portion of the os coxae which forms the sacroiliac joint, what region of bone? | iliac, on the auricular region
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| the strongest part of the hip bone, bear most of our weight when sitting | ischial tuberosities
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| two pubic regions of os coxae joined by _____ cartilage at the _____ | fibrocartilage, pubic symphysis
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| a large hole between the pubis and ischium | obturator foramen
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| medial bone of the leg | tibia
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| forms the medial bulge of the ankle | medial malleolus
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| stick-like lateral bone of the leg | fibula
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| forms the lateral bulge of the ankle | lateral malleolus
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| ankle bone | talus
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| heel bone | calcaneus
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| cuboid, navicular, and the cuneiforms are examples of | tarsals
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