Chapter Nine - Senses
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| ________ inform us of changes in our environment | Senses
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| What are the two types of senses | General senses ; Special senses
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| ____________ is the result of the information being interpreted in the CNS | Sensation
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| To create a sensation each ___________ type responds to a specific type of stimulus. Once the receptor is stimulated, impulses are generated and travel from the receptor , by ______ or ________ nerves to the CNS | sensory receptor ; spinal or cranial
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| Sensory adaptation is a ________ in the rate of impulse formation at the receptor due to repeated stimulation by the same stimulus | Decline
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| Adaptation prevents _________ of the nervous system by unimportant stimuli | Overloading
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| Once adaptation occurs, a stronger _______ is needed to gain a response | Stimulus
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| __________ found in the dermis of the skin and are used for detecting temperature and pressure (heavy, light, and pain) | Dermal receptors
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| General senses have 2 kinds of temperature receptors ________ receptors and _______ cold receptors | Heat and Cold
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| ________ ________are found deep in dermis and they are sensitive to temperatures above room temperature | Heat receptors
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| __________ _________ are found near the surface of the dermis and are sensitive to temperatures below room temperature | Cold receptors
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| Temperature receptors adapt quickly to constant ___________ | Stimulation
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| __________ __________ are heavy pressure receptors found deep in dermis | Pacinian corpuscles
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| ________ _______ are light pressure(aka touch) receptors found shallow in dermis | Meissner Corpuscles
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| ______ _________ _________ function in touch, itch, temperature, and pain | Free nerve endings
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| Free nerve endings are found wrapped around ____ _______ and throughout dermis | Hair follicles
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| Pain impulses originate from ____ ________ but is felt in part of the body wall | visceral organs
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| Pain is projected along _____ ______ used by neurons carrying impulses from both the body wall and visceral organs | common nerves
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| Special sense receptors are _______ rather than widely distributed | Localized
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| What the three different kinds of special sense receptors | 1. Chemoreceptors
2. Mechanoreceptors
3. Photoreceptors
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| _______________ are sensitive to chemicals , they are used for taste and smell (found in noes and mouth) | Chemoreceptors
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| __________ are sensitive to sound wave vibrations, used for hearing (found in ears) | Mechanoreceptors
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| Photoreceptors are sensitive to ____ _______, used for sight (found in eyes) | Light rays
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| To activate a taste cell, a _______ must be dissolved in a liquid | Chemical
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| What are the six different taste sensations | 1. Sweet
2. Sour
3. Bitter
4. Salty
5. Metallic
6. Umami (meat)
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| _______ __________ is due to activation of several receptor types and is associated with activation of olfactory receptors for smell, so… taste and smell are closely linked | Flavor variety
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| _________ ___________ are located in upper portion of the nasal cavity | Olfactory organs
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| Impulses are carried from _______ _____ by way of the olfactory cranial nerves to the brain | Receptor cells
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| Humans can distinguish ___________ different odors | 10,000
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| What are the 3 major parts of the ear | 1. External ear
2. Middle ear
3. Inner ear
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| What are the 2 parts of the external ear | 1. Auricle (also called the Pinna)
2. External auditory canal
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| The funnel-like structure made of cartilage and skin that collects sound and funnels it to external auditory canal is known as the | Auricle
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| ________ ___________________ is a short tube extending from auricle to the eardrum | External auditory canal
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| _______ and hairs in the auditory canal keep foreign particles from reaching the eardrum | Cerumen
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| The middle ear is composed of what 3 components | 1. Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
2. Ear ossicles
3. Auditory Tube
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| _______ _______ is the barrier between internal and external ear | Tympanic membrane
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| The tympanic membrane is externally covered by ________ and internally covered in ________ _______ | Skin ; mucous membrane
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| Sound waves cause the tympanic membrane to ________ and transmit sound wave to ear ossicles | Vibrate
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| What are the three bones that make up the Ear ossicles forming a lever system between tympanic membrane and inner ear | 1. Malleus (hammer)
2. Incus (anvil)
3. Stapes (stirrup)
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| Vibrations from tympanic membrane pass from ______ to ________ to _______ | Malleus ; incus ; stapes
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| Stapes vibrates on the oval window of _______ _______ | inner ear
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| __________ _________Connects middle ear with the pharynx | Auditory tube
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| The auditory tube Allows for air pressure in the middle ear to ______ external air pressure which is essential for eardrum to function properly | equal
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| The _______ ________ is two systems of tubes and chambers embedded, one inside the other, one composed of membranes and one composed of bone | Inner ear
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| Inner ear consists of three major parts… | 1. Cochlea – for hearing
2. Vestibule – for static equilibrium
3. Semicircular canals – for dynamic equilibrium
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| The ______ is the coiled portion of the inner ear | Cochlea
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| The 2 windows in the outer boney system covered only by membranes of inner system are | 1. Oval window
2. Round window
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| _________ ____ ________ is in the cochlear duct, and contains sound receptors called hair cells | Organ of Corti
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| The middle fluid filled chamber of the middle ear is called the _______ ____________ | Conchlear Duct
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| When moved by fluid, hair cells come into contact with _______ __________ (located in the cochlear duct) | tectorial membrane
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| Hair cells terminate into nerve fibers that form the ______ _______ of the vestibulocochlear nerve | cochlear branch
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| ______ _________ cause vibrations in the tympanic membrane which then vibrates the stapes on the oval window, | Sounds waves
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| Vibration of the stapes on the oval windows causes movement in perilymph of _____ _______ and _______ __________, which causes movement of vestibular and basilar membranes, | scala vestibule ; scala tympani
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| movement of vestibular and basilar membranes causes _____ ______ in the cochlear duct to contact the tectorial membrane and triggers an impulse to travel along the cochlear nerve | hair cells
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| __________ is sense of balance | Equilibrium
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| There are several ______ ______ involved in equilibrium and they are located in joint, muscles, eyes, and inner ear | Sensory Receptors
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| What are the two types of equilibrium | 1. Static
2. Dynamic
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| _______ ________ occurs when the head is motionless | Static equilibrium
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| Receptors for static equilibrium are located inside the __________ | Vestibule
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| _________ ______________ occurs when the head is moving | Dynamic equilibrium
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| ____________ __________ contain receptors that detect motion of the head located in 3 Canals are oriented at 90 degrees to each other to detect movement along three planes | Semicircular canals
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| When heads turns, fluid in canals moves and pushes on the hair cells which bend, causing impulses to form that travel along the ______ ______ of the _______ ______ to the brain | vestibular branch ; vestibulocochlear nerve
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| What are the functions of the Lacrimal Gland | 1. Produce tear to keep the eye moist
2. Wash away foreign particles
3. They contain lysozymes which reduce the chances of infection
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| Tears collect at ________ _________ of the eye and drain into the _______ _______ | Inner corner ; Nasal cavity
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| 6 eye muscles originate on the back of the ____ _____ and insert on the _____ __ | Eye orbit ; eyeball
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| What is the function of eye muscles | Eye movement: side to side, up and down, and rolling
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| The wall of the eye is composed of what three layers | 1. Sclera
2. Choroid coat
3. Retina
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| Interior spaces of the eye are filled with fluid to…. | Support and maintain eye shape
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| _____ is the tough, fibrous, opaque, white portion of the eye that provides protection for delicate internal portions of eye and optic nerve | Sclera
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| _____ is the anterior, convex, clear window of the eye that is part of sclera and Bends light rays as they pass through it, has no blood vessels or nerves | Cornea
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| Sclera is the _____ layer of the eye | Outer
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| Choroid coat is the ______ layer of the eye | Middle
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| ______ ______ contains all the blood vessels that nourish the eye | Choroid coat
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| _____ ______ is an apparatus composed of a collection of different connective tissues, including tiny muscles that contract and pull on ______ _______ | Ciliary body ; suspensory ligaments
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| suspensory ligaments, function together to change the shape of the lens which is made ______ for distance vision and made _____ for near vision | thin ; thick
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| _____ is the colored portion of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye by controlling the size of the pupil | Iris
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| _____ is the opening in the center of the iris that allows light to pass into the eye. | Pupil
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| The pupil _______ in bright light and ______ in dim light. | Constricts ; dilates
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| ______ is the inner layer of the eye | Retina
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| Retina contains the ________________ (rods and cones) | Photoreceptors
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| ______ are for black and white vision, functional in low light | Rods
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| ______ are for color vision and detail, require bright light to function | Cones
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| In the retina ____ _______ has highest concentration of cones and ______ has second highest concentration of cones, few rods. The rest of the retina is mostly rods | Fovea centralis ; Macula
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| _____ ______ is the blind spot that contains no photoreceptors | Optic disc
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| The optic disc is where _____ ______ and ______ _____ enters the eye | Blood vessels ; optic nerve
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| __________ is used to view the internal eye | Opthalmoscope
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| _____ ________ is the space between cornea and lens | Anterior cavity
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| The Anterior cavity is filled with a watery fluid called _______ _______ | aqueous humor
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| _______ _______ is located behind the lens and is filled with a thick gel-like fluid called vitreous humor. | Posterior cavity
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| The ______ ________ helps keep the retina in place by keeping it pressed against the walls of the eye ball | vitreous humor
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| To see an image light must be ___________ precisely so it is focused on the fovea centralis and macula of the retina | refracted (bent)
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| Light is refracted first and most by the _____, then the _____ _____ in the anterior cavity, then the lens, and then the _______ _______in the posterior cavity | Cornea ; aqueous humor ; vitrous humor
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| Changing the shape of the lens helps us accommodate for near, intermediate, and far vision. This adjustment is called ___ ________ ______. | The Accommodation Reflex
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| Eye optics causes the image to be ______ on the retina, the cerebral cortex (brain) corrects this ______ so objects are seen in their correct orientation | Inverted ; inversion
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