Anatomy Vocab Ch 13 Marieb
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| nares | nostrils
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| nose | externally visible part of the respiratory system
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| nasal cavity | interior of the nose; is divided by the nasal septum
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| olfactory receptors | just beneath the ethmoid bone, the receptors for the sense of smell, located in the mucosa
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| respiratory mucosa | the mucosa lining the nasal cavity
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| respiratory system | nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli; purify, humidify and warm the incoming air
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| alveoli | the terminal air sacs; dead end of the incoming oxygen; where the gas exchanges with blood
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| conchae | lobes of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity, increase the surface area of the mucosa exposed to air; increase air turbulence in the nasal cavity; three levels, superior, middle, inferior
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| palate | the partition between the nasal cavity and the oral cavity; both hard, supported by bone and soft, unsupported posterior part
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| cleft palate | genetic defect, failure of the bones forming the palate to fuse medially
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| paranasal sinuses | nasal cavity supported by the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid and maxillary bones
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| sinuses | lighten the skull, act as resonance chambers for speech; produce mucus, draining into the nasal cavities
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| nasolacrimal ducts | drains tears from the eyes, empties into the nasal cavity
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| rhinitis | inflammation of the nasal mucosa
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| sinusitis | inflammation of the sinuses; passageways are blocked with mucus or infectious matter, air in sinus cavity is absorbed, creates a partial vacuum, creating a "sinus headache"
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| sinus headache | see sinusitis
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| pharynx | muscular passageway 5 inches long vaguely resembling a short garden hose; the throat
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| posterior nasal aperture | connects the nasal cavity and pharynx
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| nasopharynx | air enters into this from the nasal cavity
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| oropharynx | the middle portion, between the naso- and laryno-pharynx
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| laryngopharynx | the lower portion of the pharynx
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| esophagus | where food enters from the pharynx
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| pharyngotympanic tubes | drain the middle ear into the nasopharynx
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| otitis media | ear infection
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| tonsils | lymphatic tissue found in the pharynx; plays a role in the protection of the body
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| pharyngeal tonsil | adenoid, high in the nasopharynx
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| palatine tonsils | in the oropharynx at the end of the soft palate
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| lingual tonsils | at the base of the tongue
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| tonsillitis | inflamed and swollen pharyngeal tonsil tissue
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| larynx | voice box; routes air and food into the proper channels; plays a role in speech; formed by eight rigid hyaline cartilages, and epiglottis
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| thyroid cartilage | part of the larynx cartilage, AKA adam's apple
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| epiglottis | protects the superior opening of the larynx; forms a lid over the opening of the larynx, routing food into the esophagus
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| true vocal cords (folds) | mucous membrane of the larynx; vibration of these allow us to speak
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| glottis | slitlike passageway between the vocal folds
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| trachea | windpipe, about 4 inches; travels from the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebra; lined with a ciliated mucosa, directing particles and debris away from the lungs to the throat
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| hyaline cartilage | causes the trachea to be fairly rigid; aids the esophagus in staying open and expanding
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| main (primary) bronchi | formed by the division of the trachea; joins at the hilum of the lung; right is wider, straighter and shorter than the left
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| lungs | fairly large organs, occupy the entire thoracic cavity except for the mediastinum
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| mediastinum | houses the heart, great blood vessels, bronchi, esophagus and other organs
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| apex | the narrow superior portion of each lung deep to the clavicle
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| base | the portion of the lung that rests on the diaphragm
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| pulmonary (visceral) pleura | surface of each lung
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| parietal pleura | lines the walls of the thorcic cavity
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| pleural fluid | slippery serous secretion allowing the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing; causes the pleural layers to cling together
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| pleural space | potential space between the lungs and the thorax wall
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| pleurisy | inflammation of the pleura
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| bronchioles | the smallest of the conducting passageways
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| terminal bronchioles | smaller than the bronchioles, lead into the repiratory zone structures, terminating in alveoli
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| respiratory zone | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli; the only site of gas exchange
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| conducting zone | serve as conduits to and from the respiratory zone
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| alveolar pores | connect neighboring air sacs of the alveoli
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| respiratory membrane (air-blood barrier) | gas flows past on one side and blood flows past on the other
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| alveolar macrophages | go in and out of alveoli, picking up bacteria, carbon particles and debris
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| surfectant | lipid molecule produced by cuboidal cells, coats the gas-exposed alveolar surfaces, aids in lung function
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| respiration | pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gas transport, internal respiration
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| pulmonary ventilation | breathing; depends of the volume changes occurring in the thoracic cavity
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| external respiration | gas exchanges are made between the blood and the exterior of the body
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| repiratory gas transport | the process of oxygen and carbon dioxide being transported to and from the lungs and tissue cells of the body via the bloodstream
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| internal respiration | gas exchanges between the blood and tissue cells, inside the body
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| inspiration | air flowing into the lungs
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| expiration | air is leaving the lungs
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| diaphragm | respiratory inspiratory muscle
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| external intercostals | inspiratory muscles of the ribcage
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| intrapulmonary volume | the volume within the lungs; when increased, the lungs spread out to fill the larger space
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| expiration | exhalation, largely passive process depending on the natural elasticity of the lungs
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| forced expiration | the depression of the rib cage, forcing air from the lungs
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| intrapleural pressure | always negative, prevents collapse of the lung
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| atelectasis | lung collapse
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| pneumothorax | the presence of air causing the disruption of the fluid bond between the pleura
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| nonrespiratory air movements | result of reflex activity; laughing, crying, a result of emotion
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| tidal volume (TV) | normal, quiet breathing, air moving in and out of the lungs with each breath
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| inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) | the amount of air that can be taken in forcibly, over the tidal volume
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| expiratory reserve volume (ERV) | the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after a tidal expiration
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| residual volume | allows gas exchange to go on continuously even between breaths, keeps the alveoli open; cannot be expelled
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| vital capacity (VC) | the total amount of exchangeable air; the sum of TV + IRV + ERV
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| dead space volume | the air that never reaches the alveoli
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| spirometer | measures the respiratory capacity
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| bronchial sounds | the sounds that can be picked up with a stethoscope
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| vesicular breathing sounds | occur as air fills the alveoli; soft and resembles a muffled breeze
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| oxyhemoglobin | oxygen attaching to hemoglobin molecules inside the RBC
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| bicarbonate ion (HCO3) | are diffused into plasma; conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion takes place inside the RBC
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| carbonic acid (H2CO3) | formed from bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions (H+); splits to form water and carbon dioxide
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| impaired oxygen transport | several causes, can become hypoxia
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| hypoxia | inadequate oxygen intake, causing bluish cast in skin
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| cyanotic (cyanosis) | skin becomes a bluish tint due to inadequate oxygen intake
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| medulla | sets the basic rhythm of breathing, contains the pacemaker or self-exciting inspiratory center
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| eupnea | normal respiratory rate
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| pons | appears to smooth out the basic rhythm of inspiration and expiration set by the medulla
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| hyperpnea | vigorous and deep breathing accompanying exercise
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| non-neural factors | physical, volition (conscious control), emotional, chemical
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| hyperventilation | blows off carbon dioxide and decreases the amount of carbonic acid, returning blood pH to normal range
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| hypoventitation | extremely slow or shallow breathing
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| apnea | cessation of breathing
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| dyspnea | difficult or labored breathing "air hunger"
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| chonic bronchitis | mucosa of the lower respiratory passages becomes severly inflamed and produces excessive amounts of mucous
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| emphysema | alveoli enlarge, chronic inflammation promotes fibrosis of the lungs, airways collapse during expiration and obstruct outflow of air
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| COPD | chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
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| respiratory rate | highest in newborn (40-80 per minute), infant (30 per min), 5 years (25 per min), adult (12-18 per min)
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| asthsma | chronically inflamed hypersensitive bronchial passages that respond to many irritants
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| sleep apnea | occurs when the muscles that support the soft tissues in your throat temporarily relax; when these muscles relax, airway is narrowed or closed
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