A&P Chp 8 -- The Nervous System
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| What are the functions of the nervous system | 1.Detection of internal and external changes.
2.Analysis and organization of information.
3.Initiation of appropriate action.
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| The two Anatomical divisions of the nervous system are | 1. Central nervous system (CNS)
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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| __________ is the bodies neural control center | Central Nervous System (CNS)
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| The Peripheral Nervous System consists of | Nerves and sensory receptors
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| __________ division and _________ division are the two functional divisions of the nervous system | Sensory and Motor
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| Motor division has two divisions __________ nervous system and _____________ nervous system | Somatic and Autonomic
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| Somatic nervous system is _____________ control of the skeletal system | Voluntary
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| Autonomic nervous system is ______________ control of the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands | Involuntary
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| The structural and functional units of the nervous system that specialize to transmit neural impulses are | Neurons
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| What are the main structures that make up a neuron | 1. Cell body
2. Dendrites
3. Axons
4. Synaptic Knobs
**on some**
5. Myelin Sheath
6. Nodes of Ranvier
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| __________ contains the nucleus and organelles in a neuron | Cell Body
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| _________ act as impulse receivers and carry impulses TOWARD cell body | Dendrites
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| _____________ act as impulse transmitters and carry impulses AWAY from the cell | Axon
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| Some neurons have a myelin sheath and its function is to | 1. Insulate axons
2. Increase speed of impulse transmission
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| Tiny spaces between adjacent myelin-forming cells where the axon is exposed are known as | Nodes of Ranvier
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| Name the three different types of neurons | 1. Sensory neurons
2. Interneurons
3. Motor Neurons
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| Where are sensory neurons located and what are their functions | Ganglia in the PNS house sensory neuron cell bodies.
Their functions are to
1. Carry impulses from peripheral body parts to the CNS
2. Detect homeostatic changes directly or through sensory receptors
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| _____________ are located entirely in CNS and are situated between sensory and motor neurons | Interneurons
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| Where are Motor neurons located and what are their functions | Cell bodies and dendrites are in CNS. Axon is located in nerves of PNS.
Their function is to carry impulses from CNS to effectors to produce an action
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| __________ support and protect neurons | Neuroglia
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| Name the five types of neuroglia | 1. Schwann Cells
2. Oligodendrocytes
3. Astrocytes
4. Microglia
5. Ependymal Cells
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| _______________ line cavities in brain and spinal cord, produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | Ependymal Cells
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| __________ anchor neurons to blood vessels in CNS and help regulate material exchange by helping to form the blood brain barrier. | Astrocytes
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| _____________ are phagocytes of the CNS, they eat bacteria and debris, and clean up the area | Microglia
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| ____________ form myelin sheath for neurons in the CNS | Oligodendrocytes
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| _________ form a myelin sheath that insulates axons of the PNS | Schwann Cells
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| __________ and ________________ are two unique functional characteristics of a neuron | Irritability ; Conductivity
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| ___________ is the ability to respond to a stimulus by forming an impulse | Irritability
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| _________ is the ability to transmit an impulse along a neuron to another cell | Conductivity
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| What happens when a neuron is at rest | 1.Membrane is polarized.
2.Inside of cell is - charge due to Excess of + charged ions outside cell
3.Sodium (Na+) ions are outside the cell membrane and Potassium (K+) ions are inside
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| When a neuron is at rest membrane is ______ due to unequal distribution of electrical charges on each side of the membrane | polarized
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| What happens to a neuron during depolarization | 1.Na+ permeability increases and diffuses into the neuron causing the inside to be positive and the outside to be negative.
2.Both Na+ and K+ are inside the cell
3.Creates a nerve impulse
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| What happens to a neuron during repolarization | 1. K+ diffuses outward to reestablish the charge distribution of the resting state (positive outside, negative inside)
2. Na+ is then pumped out and K+ is pumped in to reestablish ion distribution of the resting state (Na+ outside, K+ inside)
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| What is impulse conduction | Depolarization at one point triggers depolarization in adjacent portions and Forms a wave of depolarization sweeping along the neuron.
** more rapid in myelinated neurons because impulses only have to form at nodes.
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| What is Saltatory Conduction` | Impulse “jumps” from node to node on myelinated neurons.
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| A junction of an axon with another neuron or cell is a… | Synapse
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| What is the structure of a synapse | 1. Synaptic knob of presynaptic neuron
2. Postsynaptic structure (neuron or effector)
3. Synaptic cleft
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| What is the last step of synaptic transmission | Neurotransmitters are quickly removed which prevents continuous stimulation of postsynaptic neuron or effector and “Resets” the synapse
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| During the firsts step of Synaptic transmission Arrival of an impulse causes synaptic knob of the _________ neuron to release a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft | presynaptic
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| During the second step of synaptic transmission Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on ___________ neuron’s plasma membrane | postsynaptic
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| During the third step of Synaptic transmission A response is triggered in the _______________ to either stimulate or inhibit the transmission of the impulse further | postsynaptic neuron
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| Signal transmission across a __________ is only on direction | Synapse
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| Only the __________________ can release neurotransmitters | Synaptic knob
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| What is the function of a neurotransmitter | Enable communication between neurons and neurons with other cells
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| ___________ promotes impulse formation in postsynaptic cells (ex. acetylcholine, norepinephrine) | Excitatory neurotransmitter
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| _____________ Inhibit the formation of impulses in postsynaptic cells (ex. dopamine, endorphins) | Inhibitory neurotransmitter
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| What protects the CNS | Bones - cranial bones & vertebrae
Meninges - Pia mater ; Arachnoid mater ; Dura mater
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| Describe the Pia Mater | 1. Thin, innermost layer
2. Adheres to CNS structure surfaces
3. Contain blood vessels to nourish brain and spinal cord
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| Describe the Arachnoid Mater | 1. Middle layer, delicate, web-like, avascular
2. Subarachnoid space : filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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| Describe the Dura Mater | 1. Tough, outermost layer
2. Attached to cranial bones
3. Forms protective tube in vertebral canal
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| ____________ contains adipose tissue and blood vessels | Epidural space
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| What are the four major components of the brain | 1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Diencephalon
4. Brain Stem
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| _________ is the largest portion of the brain | Cerebrum
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| The cerebrum performs higher brain functions which include | 1. Sensations
2. Voluntary actions
3. Reasoning
4. Planning
5. Problem Solving
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| Describe the structure of the cerebrum | 1. Left and right cerebral hemispheres which are separate by longitudinal fissure and connected by corpus callosum
2. Surface shows numerous gyri(folds) with sulci(shallow grooves) between them
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| The outer surface of the cerebrum composed of grey matter (neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers) is called | The Cerebral cortex
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| The ___________________ lies beneath the cortex and is white matter composed of myelinated fibers that transmit impulses between brain structures | Cerebral Medulla
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| Higher level processing and practiced motor skills occurs in the ______ lobe of the cerebral hemisphere | Frontal
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| The Parietal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere is used for | Detailed sensory processing
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| The _________ lobed of the cerebral hemisphere is used for hearing | Temporal
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| The occipital lobe of the cerebral hemisphere is used for | Sight
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| What the 3 types of functions areas in the cerebrum | 1. Sensory areas
2. Motor areas
3. Association areas
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| __________________ are used for incoming information | Sensory areas
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| Motor areas process ___________ information | Outgoing
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| _________________ connects incoming information with outgoing information | Association areas
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| The diencephalon lies between the _______________ and the ____________ | Brain stem ; Cerebrum
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| The Diencephalon consists of the major areas, the ________ and the ___________ | Thalamus ; Hypothalamus
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| What is the function of the Thalamus | Relay station for incoming (sensory) and outgoing (motor) impulses. Sorts sensory inputs and sends it to correct processing area. Sorts motor input and sends it to appropriate area
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| _________ is inferior to the thalamus Major control center for autonomic nervous system and is a major player in maintaining homeostasis | Hypothalamus
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| The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by regulating | 1. Body temperature
2. Mineral and water balance
3. Appetite and digestive process
4. Heart rate and blood pressure
5. Sleep and wakefulness
6. Emotions of fear and rage
7. Secretion of hormones by pituitary gland
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| The _____________ is associated with the diencephalon and involved in memory and emotions | Limbic System
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| The _________ Stalk-like portion connecting higher brain centers with the spinal cord | Brain Stem
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| The brain stem consists of | 1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla Oblongata
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| __________ is the reflex center for visual and auditory stimuli and orients eyes and ears toward source of stimulus | Midbrain
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| What is the function of Pons | 1. Coordinates the actions of the respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata
2. contains nerve fibers that connect higher and lower brain centers and the cerebrum with the cerebellum
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| ______________ is the most inferior portion of the brain, connects to the spinal cord | Medulla Oblongata
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| The medulla oblongata contains the ______________ that controls respiratory rate and depth | Respiratory Control Center
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| The medulla oblongata contains the cardiac control center that controls | Heart rate
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| The medulla oblongata contains the ___________________ that regulates blood pressure and blood flow | Vasomotor Center
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| Describe reticular formation | 1. Arouses the cerebrum to wakefulness
2. Decrease in activity causes sleep
3. Damage can cause coma or unconsciousness
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| ______________ Controls and coordinates the interaction of skeletal muscles and controls posture, posture, balance, and muscle coordination. | Cerebellum
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| Brain contains four interconnecting __________ which are cavities lined by ependymal cells | ventricles
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| Ventricles are filled with Filled with ____________ which is extracted from the __________ (a mass of blood vessels) | cerebrospinal fluid; choroid plexus
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| The two __________ are within cerebral hemispheres | lateral ventricles
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| The third ventricle is located midline of the ______________ | diencephalon
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| The Fourth ventricle is Midline of brain stem, anterior to cerebellum, Continuous with _________ of spinal cord | central canal
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| What is the first step in the flow of CSF | Lateral ventricles to third ventricle to fourth ventricle to central canal or subarachnoid space
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| What is the second step in the flow of | From subarachnoid space: upwards around the brain or down posterior side of spinal cord, then up anterior side
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| What is the last step in the flow of CSF | 3. Reabsorbed within dura mater. Secretion and absorption of CSF is at equal rates to keep a constant hydrostatic pressure
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| The spinal cord Descends from medulla oblongata through foramen magnum, through the vertebral canal to level of | 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2)
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| The spinal cord terminates in bundle of spinal nerves called | Cauda equina (horse tail)
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| The spinal cord has two grooves called | 1. Anterior median fissure
2. Posterior median sulcus
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| ___________ columns surround the gray matter | White matter
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| What are the 3 white matter columns | 1. Anterior Column
2. Posterior Column
3. Lateral Column
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| ____________ is internal and butterfly shaped, made up mostly of interneurons | Gray Matter
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| Gray matter forms…. | 1. Central Canal
2. Anterior horns
3. Posterior horns
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| ______________ transmits impulses to and from the brain and is the reflex center for spinal reflexes | Spinal Cord
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| ____________________ transmits impulses to the brain | Ascending (sensory) tracts
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| Descending (motor) tracts transmit impulses .... | From the brain
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| The peripheral nervous system consists of 12 pairs of _______ that emerge from the brain | Cranial nerves
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| The peripheral nervous system consists of 31 pairs of __________ that emerge from the spinal cord | Spinal nerves
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| The function of the olfactory nerve is | Sense of smell
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| The function of the ________ nerve is vision | Optic
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| The Oculomotor nerve, trochlea nerve, and abducens nerve are all used for | Moving the eyes
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| The _____________ nerve used for balance and hearing | Vestibulocochlear
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| The Vagus nerve is used for | ANS(peresypathetic), and organs
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| The __________ and _____________ nerves are used for the tongue and throat | Hypoglossal, glossopharyngeal
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| Facial and trigeminal nerves are used for | Facial expressions and teeth
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| ________ nerves are used in the muscles of the mouth, throat, neck, and upper back | Accessory
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| The 3 types of nerves are | 1. Motor nerves (outgoing)
2. Sensory nerves (incoming)
3. Mixed nerves (both
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| Nerves can contain ________ from both somatic and autonomic nervous system | Fibers
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| ______________ is composed of a group of nerves in a specific area | Spinal Plexuses
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| What are some examples of spinal plexus | 1. Cervical plexus : found in the neck
2. Brachial plexus : found in the upper torso
3. Lumbar plexus: found in the lower back
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| Spinal nerves form from two roots in the spinal cord ___________ root (sensory axons) and __________ root (Motor axons) | Posterior ; Anterior
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| ___________ are rapid, involuntary, and predictable responses to internal and external stimuli | Reflexes
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| Reflexes maintain ___________ and increase chances for survival | Homeostasis
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| Reflex pathways are called | Reflex arcs
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| What are two types of reflexes | 1. Autonomic reflexes (happen without our knowing)
2. Somatic reflexes (consciously aware of them)
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| What are the steps of a somatic spinal reflex | 1.Pain receptors form an impulse which is carried by sensory neuron to Interneuron in spinal cord, which passes impulse to Motor neuron in spinal cord, which uses it axon to carry the impulse to Effectors on muscles in the body that respond by contracting
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| ______________ functions involuntarily without conscious control. | Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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| The purpose of the ANS is to maintain ____________ in response to changes in internal conditions | Homeostasis
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| ANS only uses _________ neurons | Motor
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| The two motor neurons used by ANS are | Preganglionic neurons and Postganglionic neurons
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| _________ neuron runs from CNS to autonomic ganglion | Preganglionic
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| ___________runs from ganglion to visceral effector | Postganglionic
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| The ANS is subdivided into ____________ division and _______________ division | Sympathetic ; Parasympathetic
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| What occurs during Sympathetic Division | Preganglionic fibers arise from thoracic and lumbar regions and synapse with postganglionic neuron cell bodies in the sympathetic chain ganglia found close to the spinal column
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| Preganglionic fibers arise from brainstem and sacral region of spinal cord and synapse with postganglionic neuron cell bodies in ganglia close to the organs they serve during… | Parasympathetic division
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| All preganglionic neurons use ________________ | Acetylcholine
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| _______________ postganglionic neurons use acetylcholine | Parasympathetic
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| Sympathetic postganglionic neurons use __________________ | norepinephrine
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| Sympathetic division prepares the body for _______________ | Fight or Flight
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| Parasympathetic division dominates during __________ | Rest and digest
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