A&P Chp 8 -- The Nervous System
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| What are the functions of the nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Central nervous system (CNS)
2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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| __________ is the bodies neural control center | show 🗑
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| show | Nerves and sensory receptors
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| __________ division and _________ division are the two functional divisions of the nervous system | show 🗑
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| show | Somatic and Autonomic
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| Somatic nervous system is _____________ control of the skeletal system | show 🗑
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| Autonomic nervous system is ______________ control of the cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands | show 🗑
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| show | Neurons
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| What are the main structures that make up a neuron | show 🗑
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| show | Cell Body
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| show | Dendrites
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| show | Axon
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| show | 1. Insulate axons
2. Increase speed of impulse transmission
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| Tiny spaces between adjacent myelin-forming cells where the axon is exposed are known as | show 🗑
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| Name the three different types of neurons | show 🗑
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| show | Ganglia in the PNS house sensory neuron cell bodies.
Their functions are to
1. Carry impulses from peripheral body parts to the CNS
2. Detect homeostatic changes directly or through sensory receptors
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| _____________ are located entirely in CNS and are situated between sensory and motor neurons | show 🗑
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| Where are Motor neurons located and what are their functions | show 🗑
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| __________ support and protect neurons | show 🗑
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| Name the five types of neuroglia | show 🗑
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| _______________ line cavities in brain and spinal cord, produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | show 🗑
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| __________ anchor neurons to blood vessels in CNS and help regulate material exchange by helping to form the blood brain barrier. | show 🗑
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| _____________ are phagocytes of the CNS, they eat bacteria and debris, and clean up the area | show 🗑
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| ____________ form myelin sheath for neurons in the CNS | show 🗑
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| show | Schwann Cells
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| show | Irritability ; Conductivity
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| ___________ is the ability to respond to a stimulus by forming an impulse | show 🗑
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| show | Conductivity
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| show | 1.Membrane is polarized.
2.Inside of cell is - charge due to Excess of + charged ions outside cell
3.Sodium (Na+) ions are outside the cell membrane and Potassium (K+) ions are inside
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| When a neuron is at rest membrane is ______ due to unequal distribution of electrical charges on each side of the membrane | show 🗑
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| show | 1.Na+ permeability increases and diffuses into the neuron causing the inside to be positive and the outside to be negative.
2.Both Na+ and K+ are inside the cell
3.Creates a nerve impulse
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| show | 1. K+ diffuses outward to reestablish the charge distribution of the resting state (positive outside, negative inside)
2. Na+ is then pumped out and K+ is pumped in to reestablish ion distribution of the resting state (Na+ outside, K+ inside)
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| What is impulse conduction | show 🗑
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| What is Saltatory Conduction` | show 🗑
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| show | Synapse
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| show | 1. Synaptic knob of presynaptic neuron
2. Postsynaptic structure (neuron or effector)
3. Synaptic cleft
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| What is the last step of synaptic transmission | show 🗑
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| show | presynaptic
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| During the second step of synaptic transmission Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on ___________ neuron’s plasma membrane | show 🗑
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| During the third step of Synaptic transmission A response is triggered in the _______________ to either stimulate or inhibit the transmission of the impulse further | show 🗑
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| show | Synapse
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| show | Synaptic knob
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| show | Enable communication between neurons and neurons with other cells
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| ___________ promotes impulse formation in postsynaptic cells (ex. acetylcholine, norepinephrine) | show 🗑
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| show | Inhibitory neurotransmitter
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| What protects the CNS | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Thin, innermost layer
2. Adheres to CNS structure surfaces
3. Contain blood vessels to nourish brain and spinal cord
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| show | 1. Middle layer, delicate, web-like, avascular
2. Subarachnoid space : filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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| show | 1. Tough, outermost layer
2. Attached to cranial bones
3. Forms protective tube in vertebral canal
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| ____________ contains adipose tissue and blood vessels | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Diencephalon
4. Brain Stem
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| show | Cerebrum
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| show | 1. Sensations
2. Voluntary actions
3. Reasoning
4. Planning
5. Problem Solving
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| Describe the structure of the cerebrum | show 🗑
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| The outer surface of the cerebrum composed of grey matter (neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers) is called | show 🗑
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| The ___________________ lies beneath the cortex and is white matter composed of myelinated fibers that transmit impulses between brain structures | show 🗑
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| show | Frontal
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| The Parietal lobe of the cerebral hemisphere is used for | show 🗑
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| show | Temporal
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| The occipital lobe of the cerebral hemisphere is used for | show 🗑
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| What the 3 types of functions areas in the cerebrum | show 🗑
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| show | Sensory areas
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| show | Outgoing
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| _________________ connects incoming information with outgoing information | show 🗑
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| The diencephalon lies between the _______________ and the ____________ | show 🗑
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| show | Thalamus ; Hypothalamus
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| What is the function of the Thalamus | show 🗑
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| show | Hypothalamus
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| The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by regulating | show 🗑
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| The _____________ is associated with the diencephalon and involved in memory and emotions | show 🗑
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| show | Brain Stem
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| show | 1. Midbrain
2. Pons
3. Medulla Oblongata
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| show | Midbrain
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| What is the function of Pons | show 🗑
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| ______________ is the most inferior portion of the brain, connects to the spinal cord | show 🗑
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| The medulla oblongata contains the ______________ that controls respiratory rate and depth | show 🗑
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| show | Heart rate
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| The medulla oblongata contains the ___________________ that regulates blood pressure and blood flow | show 🗑
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| Describe reticular formation | show 🗑
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| ______________ Controls and coordinates the interaction of skeletal muscles and controls posture, posture, balance, and muscle coordination. | show 🗑
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| show | ventricles
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| Ventricles are filled with Filled with ____________ which is extracted from the __________ (a mass of blood vessels) | show 🗑
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| show | lateral ventricles
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| show | diencephalon
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| The Fourth ventricle is Midline of brain stem, anterior to cerebellum, Continuous with _________ of spinal cord | show 🗑
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| What is the first step in the flow of CSF | show 🗑
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| What is the second step in the flow of | show 🗑
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| What is the last step in the flow of CSF | show 🗑
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| show | 2nd lumbar vertebra (L2)
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| show | Cauda equina (horse tail)
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| show | 1. Anterior median fissure
2. Posterior median sulcus
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| ___________ columns surround the gray matter | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Anterior Column
2. Posterior Column
3. Lateral Column
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| show | Gray Matter
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| Gray matter forms…. | show 🗑
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| ______________ transmits impulses to and from the brain and is the reflex center for spinal reflexes | show 🗑
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| show | Ascending (sensory) tracts
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| Descending (motor) tracts transmit impulses .... | show 🗑
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| show | Cranial nerves
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| show | Spinal nerves
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| show | Sense of smell
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| show | Optic
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| The Oculomotor nerve, trochlea nerve, and abducens nerve are all used for | show 🗑
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| The _____________ nerve used for balance and hearing | show 🗑
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| show | ANS(peresypathetic), and organs
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| The __________ and _____________ nerves are used for the tongue and throat | show 🗑
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| Facial and trigeminal nerves are used for | show 🗑
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| ________ nerves are used in the muscles of the mouth, throat, neck, and upper back | show 🗑
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| The 3 types of nerves are | show 🗑
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| show | Fibers
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| ______________ is composed of a group of nerves in a specific area | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Cervical plexus : found in the neck
2. Brachial plexus : found in the upper torso
3. Lumbar plexus: found in the lower back
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| Spinal nerves form from two roots in the spinal cord ___________ root (sensory axons) and __________ root (Motor axons) | show 🗑
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| ___________ are rapid, involuntary, and predictable responses to internal and external stimuli | show 🗑
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| show | Homeostasis
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| Reflex pathways are called | show 🗑
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| show | 1. Autonomic reflexes (happen without our knowing)
2. Somatic reflexes (consciously aware of them)
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| show | 1.Pain receptors form an impulse which is carried by sensory neuron to Interneuron in spinal cord, which passes impulse to Motor neuron in spinal cord, which uses it axon to carry the impulse to Effectors on muscles in the body that respond by contracting
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| ______________ functions involuntarily without conscious control. | show 🗑
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| show | Homeostasis
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| show | Motor
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| The two motor neurons used by ANS are | show 🗑
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| _________ neuron runs from CNS to autonomic ganglion | show 🗑
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| show | Postganglionic
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| show | Sympathetic ; Parasympathetic
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| show | Preganglionic fibers arise from thoracic and lumbar regions and synapse with postganglionic neuron cell bodies in the sympathetic chain ganglia found close to the spinal column
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| show | Parasympathetic division
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| show | Acetylcholine
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| show | Parasympathetic
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| show | norepinephrine
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| show | Fight or Flight
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| Parasympathetic division dominates during __________ | show 🗑
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