Digestive System Lecture 1
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| Areas included in the gastrointestinal tract | (GI tract,alimentary canal) includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,large intestine
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| Accessory digestive organs | includes salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas
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| Lips | Obicularis oris muscle, composed of CT and skin (dermis, epidermis), numerous sensory receptors and blood vessels, CN XII (facial nerve)
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| Cheeks | formed by various muscles of facial expression, form the lateral walls of the oral cavity
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| Hard palate | (bone) formed by maxilla and palatine bones, covered with mucous membrane
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| Soft palate | (muscle) muscular arch, covered with mucous membrane
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| Uvula | cone shaped projection of soft palate, keeps food from going into nasal cavity
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| Intrinsic muscles of the tongue | woven skeletal muscle
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| Extrinsic muscles of the tongue | attached to the base of the tongue, orginate from other areas (such as hyoid bone), hypoglossus muscles
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| Frenulum | attaches tongue to floor of mouth
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| What innervates the tongue? | CN IX (glossopharngeal) is senative for the tongue and throat, CN VII and IV is for taste
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| What is on the dorsal surface of the tongue? | papillae (small raised areas), tastebuds, structures sensitive to touch
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| lingual tonsils | lymphoid tissue on posterior of the tongue
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| How many teeth do you have? | 20 deciduous, 32 permenent (replaces deciduous in a predictable sequence)
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| How are teeth classified? | According to shape and structure (incisors, canines, premolars, bicuspids, molars)
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| Crown | exposed portion of the tooth
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| Neck (tooth) | portion of tooth that eneters the gum
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| Root (tooth) | anchors tooth firmly in jaw (maxilla or mandable)
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| Peridontal membrane | (similar to periostium) special type of peritoneum which lines the socket (cavity)
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| Gingiva | (gum) mucous membrane
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| Alveolus | socket (cavity) in bone
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| Dentin | bone-like material in tooth
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| Enamel | mostly CaPO4
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| Pulp | blood vessels and nerves
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| Root canal | canal in which pulp is found
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| Salivary glands | located in and around the mouth and are responsible for the production and secretion of saliva *exocrine glands
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| What are the types of saliva glands? | Buccal, Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual
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| Buccal glands | small glands located in the mucous membrane of the mouth
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| Parotid glands | located inferior and anterior to ear, drains into the oral cavity near 2nd upper molar
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| Submandibular glands | located just inside the mandible, empities into the floor of the mouth
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| Sublingual glands | located under the mucosa in floor of mouth, empties into the floor of the mouth
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| Composition of saliva | water (99%), enzymes, mucous (lubrication), and salts
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| What is the purpose of water in the saliva? | dissolves food and chemicals so they can be digested and tasted
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| What are the two enzymes in saliva? | lysozyme and amylase
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| Lysozyme | destroys bacteria, cleans teeth
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| Amylase | begins digestion, breaks down starches
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| What is the purpose of salt in the saliva? | maintains proper pH for digestive enzymes
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| What part of the nervous system controls salivation? | parasympathetic
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| How much salvia is secreted each day? | 1 to 2 liters
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| Mumps | a viral infection which leads to inflamation and enlargement of the parotid glands
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| Pharynx | (see respiratory I) lined with stratified squamous epithelium, mucous membrane (lubrication), skeletal muscle
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| What are the main layers of the digestive tract? | Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
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| Mucosa layer | (inner layer)epithelium: stratified squamous (mouth, pharynx, esophagus and anal canal)and simple columnar (stomach, small and large intestine)-also lamina propria
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| Lamina propria | basment membrane of the mucous layer which sits on the submucosa
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| Submucosa | (outer layer) contains many blood vessels, elastic and collaginous fibers (allows GI tract to expand), nerve plexuses (primarily parasympathetic) and lyphpathics (lacteals)
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| Lacteals | lymphatic protion of the submucosa layer, involved in the transport of fats and lipids
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| Muscularis | (musclular layer- like tunica media)smooth muscle: inner cicular layer (mixes food), outer longitudial layer (propels food). innervated by ANS, skeltal muscle at the begining and end
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| Serosa | (Adventita)outer layer composed of fibrous CT
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| What are the nerve plexsuses of the GI tract? | Celiac, Mesenteric, Messner's submucosal and Myentric
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| Celiac plexus and Mesenteric plexus | located around the major arteries, transmits nerve impulses from vagus (CN X)
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| Messner's submucosal plexus | located within the submucosa, controls glands and mucosal folds
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| Myenteric plexus | *most important* located within the muscularis layer, major supply to smooth muscle
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| How do sympathatic fibers affect the GI tract? | generally inhibit gastrointestinal activity
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| Where do the sympathetic fibers come from? | thoraic region of the spinal cord and sympathetic chain ganglia
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| How do parasympathatic fibers affect the GI tract? | promote gastrointestinal activity
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| Where do parasympathatic fibers come from? | carried by the vagus nerve or coming from the sacral region of the spinal cord
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| Blood supply for the GI tract | Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric
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| What does the celiac trunk supply? | gastric, hepatic, and spleenic areas (arteries)
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| Superior mesenteric | small intestine
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| Inferior mesenteric | Large intestine, rectum
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| Esophagus | collapsiable, muscular tube which connects the pharynx to the stomach
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| Where is the esophagus located? | posterior to the trachea, begins at larynx, passes through a hiatus in the diaphragm to join the stomach
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| What type of epithelium is present in the esophagus? | stratified squamous
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| How is the muscular layer of the esophagus divided? | upper 1/3= skeltal muscle, middle= combination of smooth and skeltal muscle, lower 1/3= smooth muscle only
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| Gastroesophageal sphincter | smooth muscle, helps prevent stomach contents from being regurgitated int esophagus
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| GERD | Gastro esophageal reflux disease
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| Hiatal Hernia | when the stomach protrudes through the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm and into the thoracic cavity
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Created by:
Kachmiel
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