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ANA 113 Lecture 31
Digestive System Lecture 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Areas included in the gastrointestinal tract | (GI tract,alimentary canal) includes mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine,large intestine |
| Accessory digestive organs | includes salivary glands, liver, gallbladder and pancreas |
| Lips | Obicularis oris muscle, composed of CT and skin (dermis, epidermis), numerous sensory receptors and blood vessels, CN XII (facial nerve) |
| Cheeks | formed by various muscles of facial expression, form the lateral walls of the oral cavity |
| Hard palate | (bone) formed by maxilla and palatine bones, covered with mucous membrane |
| Soft palate | (muscle) muscular arch, covered with mucous membrane |
| Uvula | cone shaped projection of soft palate, keeps food from going into nasal cavity |
| Intrinsic muscles of the tongue | woven skeletal muscle |
| Extrinsic muscles of the tongue | attached to the base of the tongue, orginate from other areas (such as hyoid bone), hypoglossus muscles |
| Frenulum | attaches tongue to floor of mouth |
| What innervates the tongue? | CN IX (glossopharngeal) is senative for the tongue and throat, CN VII and IV is for taste |
| What is on the dorsal surface of the tongue? | papillae (small raised areas), tastebuds, structures sensitive to touch |
| lingual tonsils | lymphoid tissue on posterior of the tongue |
| How many teeth do you have? | 20 deciduous, 32 permenent (replaces deciduous in a predictable sequence) |
| How are teeth classified? | According to shape and structure (incisors, canines, premolars, bicuspids, molars) |
| Crown | exposed portion of the tooth |
| Neck (tooth) | portion of tooth that eneters the gum |
| Root (tooth) | anchors tooth firmly in jaw (maxilla or mandable) |
| Peridontal membrane | (similar to periostium) special type of peritoneum which lines the socket (cavity) |
| Gingiva | (gum) mucous membrane |
| Alveolus | socket (cavity) in bone |
| Dentin | bone-like material in tooth |
| Enamel | mostly CaPO4 |
| Pulp | blood vessels and nerves |
| Root canal | canal in which pulp is found |
| Salivary glands | located in and around the mouth and are responsible for the production and secretion of saliva *exocrine glands |
| What are the types of saliva glands? | Buccal, Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual |
| Buccal glands | small glands located in the mucous membrane of the mouth |
| Parotid glands | located inferior and anterior to ear, drains into the oral cavity near 2nd upper molar |
| Submandibular glands | located just inside the mandible, empities into the floor of the mouth |
| Sublingual glands | located under the mucosa in floor of mouth, empties into the floor of the mouth |
| Composition of saliva | water (99%), enzymes, mucous (lubrication), and salts |
| What is the purpose of water in the saliva? | dissolves food and chemicals so they can be digested and tasted |
| What are the two enzymes in saliva? | lysozyme and amylase |
| Lysozyme | destroys bacteria, cleans teeth |
| Amylase | begins digestion, breaks down starches |
| What is the purpose of salt in the saliva? | maintains proper pH for digestive enzymes |
| What part of the nervous system controls salivation? | parasympathetic |
| How much salvia is secreted each day? | 1 to 2 liters |
| Mumps | a viral infection which leads to inflamation and enlargement of the parotid glands |
| Pharynx | (see respiratory I) lined with stratified squamous epithelium, mucous membrane (lubrication), skeletal muscle |
| What are the main layers of the digestive tract? | Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa |
| Mucosa layer | (inner layer)epithelium: stratified squamous (mouth, pharynx, esophagus and anal canal)and simple columnar (stomach, small and large intestine)-also lamina propria |
| Lamina propria | basment membrane of the mucous layer which sits on the submucosa |
| Submucosa | (outer layer) contains many blood vessels, elastic and collaginous fibers (allows GI tract to expand), nerve plexuses (primarily parasympathetic) and lyphpathics (lacteals) |
| Lacteals | lymphatic protion of the submucosa layer, involved in the transport of fats and lipids |
| Muscularis | (musclular layer- like tunica media)smooth muscle: inner cicular layer (mixes food), outer longitudial layer (propels food). innervated by ANS, skeltal muscle at the begining and end |
| Serosa | (Adventita)outer layer composed of fibrous CT |
| What are the nerve plexsuses of the GI tract? | Celiac, Mesenteric, Messner's submucosal and Myentric |
| Celiac plexus and Mesenteric plexus | located around the major arteries, transmits nerve impulses from vagus (CN X) |
| Messner's submucosal plexus | located within the submucosa, controls glands and mucosal folds |
| Myenteric plexus | *most important* located within the muscularis layer, major supply to smooth muscle |
| How do sympathatic fibers affect the GI tract? | generally inhibit gastrointestinal activity |
| Where do the sympathetic fibers come from? | thoraic region of the spinal cord and sympathetic chain ganglia |
| How do parasympathatic fibers affect the GI tract? | promote gastrointestinal activity |
| Where do parasympathatic fibers come from? | carried by the vagus nerve or coming from the sacral region of the spinal cord |
| Blood supply for the GI tract | Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric |
| What does the celiac trunk supply? | gastric, hepatic, and spleenic areas (arteries) |
| Superior mesenteric | small intestine |
| Inferior mesenteric | Large intestine, rectum |
| Esophagus | collapsiable, muscular tube which connects the pharynx to the stomach |
| Where is the esophagus located? | posterior to the trachea, begins at larynx, passes through a hiatus in the diaphragm to join the stomach |
| What type of epithelium is present in the esophagus? | stratified squamous |
| How is the muscular layer of the esophagus divided? | upper 1/3= skeltal muscle, middle= combination of smooth and skeltal muscle, lower 1/3= smooth muscle only |
| Gastroesophageal sphincter | smooth muscle, helps prevent stomach contents from being regurgitated int esophagus |
| GERD | Gastro esophageal reflux disease |
| Hiatal Hernia | when the stomach protrudes through the esophageal hiatus in the diaphragm and into the thoracic cavity |
Created by:
Kachmiel
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